Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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purchases, (3) visits to family/friends, and (4) how many children to have and when. The results are presentedby marital status. Women are considered to participate in decision-making if they make decisionsalone or jointly with their husband or someone else.Table 3.13 indicates that for married women, decision-making is highly dominated by husbands.Women report that husbands alone are responsible for decisions, particularly for making large householdpurchases (62 percent), visits to family/friends (56 percent), number of children to have and when(50 percent), and even the wife's own health care (47 percent). In contrast, the proportion of women whoreport that they alone have decision-making responsibility in these areas is much lower: own health care(30 percent), visits to family/friends (17 percent), large household purchases (11 percent), and numberand timing of children (10 percent). As expected, unmarried women are more likely than married womento make decisions by themselves. However, because unmarried women tend to be younger than marriedwomen and are often living with their parents or other relatives, decisions are often made by others.Table 3.13 Women’s participation in decisionmakingPercent distribution of women by person who has the final say in making specific decisions and marital status, according to type ofdecision, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Currently married or living together Not married 1––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––DecisionDecisionJointly Jointly not made/ Jointly Some- notwith with Hus- Someone not with one made/NotSelf hus- someone band else appli- Self someone else appli-Type of decision only band else only only cable Total only else only cable Total––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Own health care 30.1 11.0 0.5 46.5 11.8 0.2 100.0 42.5 3.7 53.1 0.8 100.0Large household purchases 11.3 25.1 0.1 61.7 1.6 0.2 100.0 29.8 3.6 60.8 5.7 100.0Visits to family/friends 16.8 25.7 0.0 56.1 1.1 0.2 100.0 41.9 3.7 51.9 2.5 100.0How many children to haveand when 9.6 35.8 0.4 49.8 0.4 4.0 100.0 46.8 3.2 11.2 38.7 100.0––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Note: Results are based on 4,694 women currently married or living together and 2,964 not married women.1Never-married, divorced, separated, or widowed womenTable 3.14.1 presents information on the proportion of women involved alone or jointly in makingthe above-mentioned four decisions according to background characteristics. In addition, the tableincludes two summary indicators: (1) the proportion of women involved in making decisions in all fourareas and (2) the proportion of women not involved in making any of the decisions.Table 3.14.1 shows that less than a fifth of women report taking part in decisions concerning allof the specified areas. It is apparent that women are most likely to report participating in decisions on thenumber of children to have and when to have them (47 percent), visits to family/friends (44 percent), theirown health care (43 percent), and least likely to report participating in decisions in making large purchases(35 percent). Never-married women are least likely to report being involved in decision-making,particularly concerning making large purchases (13 percent) and visiting family/friends (27 percent). Asmentioned earlier, this is probably because they are young and still live with parents/guardians who makemost of the decisions. Women with no children are also less likely than those with children to participatein any or all of the specified decisions.One might expect higher educational status to give women greater decision-making power withintheir households. However, Table 3.14.1 indicates that women with no education report having somewhatmore say (21 percent) in all the specified decisions compared with women with primary and secondaryschooling (16 and 17 percent, respectively). Women with higher education are the most likely toreport having a say in all the specified decisions (37 percent), along with those who earn cash for theirwork (26 percent). However, participation in decision-making for women with higher education varieswith the type of decision, whereas there is little distinction for those earning cash for their work.42 │ Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.14.1 Women’s participation in decision-making by background characteristics: womenPercentage of women who say that they alone or jointly have the final say in specific decisions, by backgroundcharacteristics, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Alone or jointly has final say in:–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Visits toNoneOwn Making family, Number All of the NumberBackground health large relatives, of children specified specified ofcharacteristic care purchases friends and when decisions decisions women–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Age15-19 26.8 11.6 23.2 33.9 4.9 45.7 1,81120-24 41.6 28.7 39.8 46.9 13.5 28.8 1,66425-29 45.7 42.4 49.2 53.7 19.4 21.8 1,37630-34 49.5 47.4 51.5 54.6 24.1 21.9 97235-39 57.2 51.2 55.3 54.4 29.1 21.4 76640-44 54.9 52.1 60.6 52.2 29.2 21.1 60145-49 55.4 57.7 63.6 51.3 30.7 20.1 467Marital statusNever married 33.4 12.9 26.7 38.2 8.0 40.9 1,897Married or living together 41.5 36.5 42.5 45.8 15.6 29.0 4,694Divorced/separated/widowed 68.8 69.9 79.1 70.9 44.5 6.0 1,067Number of living children0 30.9 16.2 27.3 35.6 7.0 41.4 2,0671-2 46.3 38.1 46.8 52.2 18.7 23.9 2,4313-4 47.6 43.4 50.0 51.4 22.5 25.0 1,5785+ 50.5 48.1 54.1 51.6 25.4 23.7 1,582ResidenceUrban 46.8 37.2 47.2 48.4 17.3 23.8 3,073Rural 40.9 34.1 41.4 46.8 18.0 32.1 4,585ProvinceCentral 25.0 27.5 35.7 42.4 7.2 31.5 562Copperbelt 34.7 34.9 46.2 44.5 13.2 30.4 1,544Eastern 31.8 26.8 31.5 35.0 15.9 48.2 926Luapula 30.7 23.6 38.0 40.1 9.1 36.1 622Lusaka 58.7 37.8 45.4 45.8 18.2 19.4 1,132Northern 52.1 37.1 48.4 56.6 23.5 22.6 1,040North-Western 60.3 50.5 64.9 72.6 39.3 15.6 354Southern 33.1 45.0 28.9 48.8 20.7 34.9 814Western 70.0 38.7 63.4 56.0 22.8 13.9 663EducationNo education 47.4 38.6 47.4 46.1 21.0 29.1 925Primary 40.9 33.3 41.7 45.1 16.3 31.0 4,439Secondary 42.9 35.1 43.1 50.8 17.2 26.6 2,061Higher 75.3 63.6 71.3 68.3 36.6 4.7 234EmploymentNot employed 36.6 26.3 35.2 42.0 13.2 36.0 3,476Employed for cash 54.4 51.3 56.5 55.3 26.1 17.7 2,401Employed not for cash 41.3 31.3 43.0 47.6 15.4 29.5 1,775Total 43.3 35.3 43.7 47.4 17.7 28.8 7,658–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Note: The total includes 6 women with missing data for employment.Characteristics of Respondents │ 43
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
Page 17 and 18: PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
Page 19 and 20: PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
Page 21 and 22: FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
Page 23 and 24: According to mothers’ reports, ar
Page 25 and 26: ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
Page 27 and 28: The 1980s marked the start of the f
Page 29 and 30: the peripheral structures. An impor
Page 31 and 32: ing in private households in the co
Page 33 and 34: subjects agreed) received a referra
Page 35 and 36: confidentiality.Finally, in additio
Page 37 and 38: CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
Page 47 and 48: 2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
Page 49 and 50: Thirty percent of households own a
Page 51 and 52: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
Page 53 and 54: enrolment ratios suggest that educa
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
Page 59 and 60: 3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
Page 65 and 66: non-agricultural occupations, since
Page 67: Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
Page 75 and 76: 3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
Page 83 and 84: As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
Page 89 and 90: Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
Page 91 and 92: The median birth interval is 33 mon
Page 93 and 94: 4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
Page 95 and 96: FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Seventy percent of currently marrie
Page 101: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
Page 109 and 110: The pattern is slightly different f
Page 111 and 112: 5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
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Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
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7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
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Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
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The mean ideal number of children f
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Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
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Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
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Only 27 percent of births are in a
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
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Expectant mothers should beginanten
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There are particularly sharp differ
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Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
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Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
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Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
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Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
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Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
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No major variations were observed w
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Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
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Eastern province has the highest pr
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Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
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Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
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10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
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Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
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Luapula province has the highest pe
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INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
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than half (51 percent) of the infan
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tamination after cleaning, the nipp
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11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
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Few children under two years of age
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Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
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11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
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Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
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Table 11.12 indicates that children
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
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Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
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Results show that almost eight out
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Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
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More than four out of ten never-mar
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AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
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Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
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Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
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Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
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The view that HIV status of a famil
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Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
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Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
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Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
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Men in sales and services and skill
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Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
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Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
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The peak age for having STI symptom
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used condoms, 34 percent took medic
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The practice of having multiple par
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Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
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PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
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14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
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14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
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14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
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Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
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The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
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Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
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ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
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Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
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While again not definitive, the res
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124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
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SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
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Table A.2. Expected number of selec
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Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
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Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
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Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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