Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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Table 3.11 Decision on use of earnings and contribution of earnings to household expendituresPercent distribution of women employed in the 12 months preceding the survey receiving cash earnings by person who decides how earningsare to be used and by proportion of household expenditures met by earnings, according to background characteristics, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Person who decides howProportion of household expendituresearnings are usedmet by earnings–––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Someone Almost Less Half NumberBackground Self else none/ than or ofcharacteristic only Jointly 1 only 2 Total none half more All Total women–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Age15-19 48.9 15.3 35.8 100.0 12.8 40.0 30.0 17.2 100.0 27820-24 53.8 21.0 25.0 100.0 6.8 41.7 37.9 13.3 100.0 53825-29 56.3 22.5 21.1 100.0 4.7 37.9 41.8 15.5 100.0 59130-34 58.5 26.0 15.5 100.0 4.1 40.2 38.5 17.2 100.0 38935-39 55.8 25.3 19.0 100.0 3.6 32.9 43.1 20.5 100.0 34140-44 56.8 27.8 15.1 100.0 1.3 38.7 37.9 21.3 100.0 23145-49 59.3 24.7 16.0 100.0 3.4 39.1 32.4 25.1 100.0 186Marital statusNever married 73.4 6.5 20.1 100.0 11.9 42.9 31.2 13.7 100.0 370Married or living together 40.7 32.4 26.8 100.0 4.6 39.3 40.5 15.4 100.0 1,692Divorced/separated/widowed 93.0 2.8 4.0 100.0 3.1 34.1 36.1 26.7 100.0 492Number of living children0 63.5 12.1 24.4 100.0 11.9 40.2 34.7 13.2 100.0 4331-2 54.2 23.2 22.4 100.0 4.4 39.0 39.3 17.2 100.0 8923-4 55.9 24.7 19.5 100.0 4.0 36.8 42.2 16.9 100.0 6225+ 51.3 28.6 20.0 100.0 3.6 39.6 35.6 21.0 100.0 607ResidenceUrban 71.8 16.7 11.4 100.0 6.5 41.3 40.3 11.9 100.0 1,266Rural 39.4 29.1 31.4 100.0 4.3 36.3 36.4 22.7 100.0 1,287ProvinceCentral 50.3 13.5 36.2 100.0 5.4 40.6 36.7 17.3 100.0 247Copperbelt 65.4 19.8 14.8 100.0 4.1 39.9 45.0 11.0 100.0 523Eastern 53.7 22.2 24.1 100.0 4.9 19.1 41.4 34.6 100.0 168Luapula 43.8 26.6 29.7 100.0 10.2 50.8 30.5 8.6 100.0 127Lusaka 76.9 13.2 9.8 100.0 7.1 45.1 37.6 10.3 100.0 591Northern 34.5 37.9 27.1 100.0 5.6 24.0 34.5 35.2 100.0 363North-Western 35.4 45.1 19.5 100.0 7.0 29.8 34.5 28.7 100.0 144Southern 44.8 30.0 25.1 100.0 1.0 51.7 38.9 8.4 100.0 234Western 44.4 17.0 37.9 100.0 4.6 43.1 35.9 15.7 100.0 155EducationNo education 38.0 27.5 34.4 100.0 7.1 34.6 34.5 23.5 100.0 255Primary 53.7 21.7 24.5 100.0 4.8 41.1 36.7 17.4 100.0 1,417Secondary 63.3 21.8 14.8 100.0 6.4 37.9 40.3 15.1 100.0 703Higher 64.3 31.1 4.6 100.0 3.5 30.5 48.4 17.6 100.0 178Total 55.5 22.9 21.4 100.0 5.4 38.8 38.3 17.4 100.0 2,553–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––1With husband or someone else2Includes husbandTable 3.12 presents data on how decisions on use of women’s earnings are made and the contributionof these earnings to household expenditures based on marital status. As expected, married womenare less likely to make exclusive decisions on how to spend their earnings, compared with unmarriedwomen (41 and 85 percent, respectively). Thirty-one percent of married women decide jointly with theirhusbands. It is notable that one in four married women who earn cash for their work say that their husbandsalone decide how to spend their earnings.40 │ Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.12 Women’s control over earningsPercent distribution of women who received cash earnings for work in the past 12 months by person who decides how earnings are usedand marital status, according to proportion of household expenditures met by earnings, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Currently married or living together Not married 1––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Jointly Jointly Jointly Some-Contribution with with Hus- Someone Number with one Numberto household Self hus- someone band else of Self someone else ofexpenditures only band else only only Total women only else only Total women–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Almost none/none 57.4 20.1 1.6 17.6 3.2 100.0 78 83.8 6.8 9.4 100.0 59Less than half 47.2 25.6 1.2 25.4 0.5 100.0 664 83.1 2.7 13.9 100.0 326Half or more 37.1 31.7 1.3 29.7 0.3 100.0 686 85.9 3.9 10.3 100.0 293All 28.9 47.4 0.3 22.8 0.2 100.0 261 86.0 7.5 6.5 100.0 182Total 40.7 31.3 1.1 26.3 0.5 100.0 1,692 84.6 4.4 10.9 100.0 862–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Note: Table excludes 4 women missing information on contribution to household expenditures.1Never-married, divorced, separated, or widowed womenTable 3.12 further shows that among married women, the less their earnings provide towardhousehold expenditures, the more likely they are to decide by themselves how to use their earnings. Asthe importance of their earnings increases, so does the likelihood that they make decisions jointly withtheir husbands. A majority of unmarried women make their own decisions, regardless of the degree ofcontribution to household expenditure.3.7 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENTIn addition to information on women’s education, employment status, and control over earnings,the 2001-2002 ZDHS obtained information from both women and men on other measures of women’sstatus and empowerment. In particular, questions were asked on women’s roles in making household decisions,on acceptance of wife beating, and on opinions about when a wife should be able to refuse sexwith her husband. These questions are used to define three different indicators of women’s empowerment:(1) women’s participation in decision-making, (2) degree of acceptance of wife beating, and (3) degree ofacceptance of a wife’s right to refuse sex with her husband.The first measure—women’s participation in decision-making—requires little explanation sincethe ability to make decisions about one’s own life is of obvious importance to women’s empowerment.The other two measures derive from the notion that gender equity is essential to empowerment. One ofZambia’s policy measures to address women’s participation in decision-making is to “encourage effortsby non-governmental organisations, trade unions and the private sector to achieve equality betweenwomen and men in their ranks, including equal participation in their decision-making bodies and in negotiationsat all times” (GIDD, 2000)Responses that indicate a view that the beating of wives by husbands is justified reflect a lowstatus of women. Although such attitudes do not necessarily signify approval of men beating their wives,they do signify acceptance of norms that give men the right to discipline women with force. Similarly,beliefs about whether and when a woman can refuse sex with her husband reflect issues of gender equityregarding sexual rights and bodily integrity. Besides yielding an important measure of empowerment, informationabout women’s attitudes toward sexual rights is useful for improving and monitoring reproductivehealth programmes that depend on women’s willingness and ability to control their own sexual lives.3.7.1 Women’s Participation in Decision-makingTable 3.13 shows the percent distribution of women by the person that the woman says usuallyhas the final say in making decisions in four areas: (1) the woman’s own health care, (2) large householdCharacteristics of Respondents │ 41
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
Page 15 and 16: Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
Page 17 and 18: PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
Page 19 and 20: PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
Page 21 and 22: FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
Page 23 and 24: According to mothers’ reports, ar
Page 25 and 26: ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
Page 27 and 28: The 1980s marked the start of the f
Page 29 and 30: the peripheral structures. An impor
Page 31 and 32: ing in private households in the co
Page 33 and 34: subjects agreed) received a referra
Page 35 and 36: confidentiality.Finally, in additio
Page 37 and 38: CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
Page 47 and 48: 2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
Page 49 and 50: Thirty percent of households own a
Page 51 and 52: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
Page 53 and 54: enrolment ratios suggest that educa
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
Page 59 and 60: 3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
Page 65: non-agricultural occupations, since
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
Page 75 and 76: 3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
Page 83 and 84: As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
Page 89 and 90: Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
Page 91 and 92: The median birth interval is 33 mon
Page 93 and 94: 4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
Page 95 and 96: FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Seventy percent of currently marrie
Page 101: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
Page 109 and 110: The pattern is slightly different f
Page 111 and 112: 5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
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Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
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Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
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7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
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Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
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The mean ideal number of children f
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Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
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Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
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Only 27 percent of births are in a
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
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Expectant mothers should beginanten
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There are particularly sharp differ
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Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
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Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
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Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
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Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
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Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
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No major variations were observed w
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Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
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Eastern province has the highest pr
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Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
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Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
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10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
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Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
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Luapula province has the highest pe
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INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
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than half (51 percent) of the infan
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tamination after cleaning, the nipp
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11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
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Few children under two years of age
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Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
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11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
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Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
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Table 11.12 indicates that children
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
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Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
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Results show that almost eight out
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Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
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More than four out of ten never-mar
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AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
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Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
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Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
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Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
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The view that HIV status of a famil
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Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
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Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
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Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
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Men in sales and services and skill
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Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
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Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
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The peak age for having STI symptom
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used condoms, 34 percent took medic
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The practice of having multiple par
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Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
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PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
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14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
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14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
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14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
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Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
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The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
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Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
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ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
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Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
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While again not definitive, the res
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124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
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SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
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Table A.2. Expected number of selec
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Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
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Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
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Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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