Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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Figure 15.1 Trends in Age-specific Mortality among Adults 15-49252030 Deaths per 1,000 2001-2002 ZDHS 1996-1997 ZDHS15105015-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-4915.2.2 Differentials in Adult Mortality LevelsTable 15.3 presents differentials in adult mortality by residence and province for the 2001-2002ZDHS respondents. In interpreting these differentials, it is important to remember that, for some subgroups,the numbers of deaths are small (particularly when gender is taken into account). Also of concernin interpreting the results is that the characteristic referred to relates to the status of the 2001-2002 ZDHSrespondent who provided the information and not to the status of the sibling(s) who died. To the extentthat respondents differ in a consistent direction from their siblings in the characteristics shown, the rateswill be biased. For example, if respondents are more likely to have migrated from rural to urban areasthan their siblings, the urban-rural rates will not accurately reflect the actual mortality differentials betweenurban and rural areas in Zambia. It is, however, likely that there is considerable consistency amongsiblings in the characteristics shown.Table 15.3 Adult mortality rates by residence and provinceDirect estimates of mortality rates for women and men age 15-49 for theperiod 0-4 years preceding the 2001-2002 ZDHS, by urban-rural residenceand province, ZambiaCharacteristic Women Men TotalResidenceUrban 16.9 15.7 16.2Rural 10.1 10.8 10.4ProvinceLusaka/Copperbelt/South 17.4 15.1 16.2West/East/Central 13.0 13.3 13.1North/North-west/Luapula 12.0 12.5 12.2Total 14.8 13.9 14.3Note: All rates are age-adjusted.244 │ Adult Mortality
While again not definitive, the results in Table 15.3 indicate that adult mortality levels are around25 percent higher in urban than rural areas in Zambia. The provinces in Table 15.3 have been categorisedinto three groups according to HIV prevalence (see Chapter 14); Lusaka, Copperbelt, and Southern provinceshave the highest HIV rates, and Northern, North-Western, and Luapula have the lowest infectionrates. The patterns of adult mortality shown in Table 15.3 parallel the patterns of HIV prevalence; adultmortality is nearly 60 percent higher in Lusaka, Copperbelt, and Southern provinces than in Northern,North-Western, and Luapula provinces.15.3 ESTIMATES OF MATERNAL MORTALITYData collected on the reported survivorshipof sisters was used to derive direct estimatesof maternal mortality (Table 15.4). The numberof female deaths occurring during pregnancy, atdelivery, or within six weeks of delivery is notlarge. As a result, maternal mortality estimatesare typically subject to larger sampling errorsthan adult mortality estimates. Therefore, reflectingstandard DHS procedures, the maternal mortalityestimates shown in Table 15.4 are calculatedfor a seven-year period before the surveyrather than the five-year period that was used tocalculate adult mortality. This seven-year periodcentres on 1998.Based on the 2001-2002 ZDHS data, therate of mortality associated with pregnancy andchildbearing is 1.44 per thousand. Except for the40-44 group, the age-specific rates shown in Table15.4 exhibit a plausible pattern, being higherat the peak childbearing ages of the twenties andthirties than at younger and older age groups.Table 15.4 Direct estimates of maternal mortalityDirect estimates of maternal mortality for the period 0-6years prior to the 2001-2002 ZDHS and 1996 ZDHS2001-2002 ZDHSExposure(womanyears)1996 ZDHSmortalityrate 1MortalityAge Deathsrate 115-19 16.4 21,291 0.77 0.7520-24 29.6 22,600 1.27 1.4025-29 51.0 19,360 2.64 2.1430-34 27.7 14,772 1.81 1.9635-39 12.7 10,036 1.16 1.4640-44 12.3 6,077 2.04 0.5045-49 0.4 3,492 0.12 0.8215-49 147 97,629 1.44 a 1.34 aGeneral fertility rate 0.198 a 0.206 aMaternal mortality ratio 2 729 6491Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure2Calculated as the maternal mortality rate divided by the generalfertility rate and expressed per 100,000 live-birthsaAge-adjusted ratesThe maternal mortality rate can be converted to a maternal mortality ratio and expressed per100,000 live births by dividing the rate by the general fertility rate of 0.198, which prevailed during thesame time period. In this way, the obstetrical risk of pregnancy and childbearing is underlined. Usingthis procedure, the maternal mortality ratio during the seven-year period prior to the 2001-2002 ZDHS isestimated as 729 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.Estimates of maternal mortality from the 2001-2002 ZDHS can be compared with estimates fromthe 1996 ZDHS (also shown in Table 15.4) to obtain insight into the probable trend of maternal mortalitylevels during the 1990s. The comparison suggests that maternal mortality levels remained moderatelyhigh in Zambia throughout the period between the two surveys, and may even have been rising slightlytoward the end of the decade. This is consistent with the general pattern of rising adult female mortalitydescribed earlier. However, it is important to recognize that the small numbers of maternal deaths reportedin the surveys make it difficult to assess with any statistical confidence whether the magnitude anddirection of the indicated changes accurately reflect trends in maternal mortality in Zambia over the decade.Adult Mortality │ 245
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
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PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
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PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
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According to mothers’ reports, ar
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ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
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The 1980s marked the start of the f
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the peripheral structures. An impor
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ing in private households in the co
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subjects agreed) received a referra
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confidentiality.Finally, in additio
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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
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Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
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2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
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Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
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Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
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2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
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Thirty percent of households own a
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
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enrolment ratios suggest that educa
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3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
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Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
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3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
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Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
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Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
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non-agricultural occupations, since
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Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
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Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
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3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
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Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
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Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
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FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
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As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
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Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
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Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
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Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
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The median birth interval is 33 mon
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4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
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FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
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Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
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Seventy percent of currently marrie
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
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Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
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The pattern is slightly different f
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5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
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Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
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Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
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Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
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Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
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7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
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Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
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The mean ideal number of children f
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Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
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Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
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Only 27 percent of births are in a
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
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Expectant mothers should beginanten
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There are particularly sharp differ
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Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
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Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
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Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
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Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
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Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
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No major variations were observed w
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Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
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Eastern province has the highest pr
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Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
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Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
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10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
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Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
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Luapula province has the highest pe
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INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
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than half (51 percent) of the infan
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tamination after cleaning, the nipp
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11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
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Few children under two years of age
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Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
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11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
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Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
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Table 11.12 indicates that children
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
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Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
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Results show that almost eight out
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Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
Page 213 and 214: More than four out of ten never-mar
Page 215 and 216: AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
Page 217 and 218: Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
Page 219 and 220: Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
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Page 223 and 224: The view that HIV status of a famil
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Page 227 and 228: Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
Page 229 and 230: Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
Page 231 and 232: Men in sales and services and skill
Page 233 and 234: Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
Page 235 and 236: Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
Page 237 and 238: The peak age for having STI symptom
Page 239 and 240: used condoms, 34 percent took medic
Page 241 and 242: The practice of having multiple par
Page 243 and 244: Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
Page 245 and 246: PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
Page 247 and 248: 14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
Page 249 and 250: 14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
Page 251 and 252: 14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
Page 253 and 254: Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
Page 255 and 256: The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Page 259 and 260: Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
Page 261 and 262: ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
Page 263: Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
Page 267 and 268: 124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
Page 269 and 270: SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
Page 271 and 272: Table A.2. Expected number of selec
Page 273 and 274: Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
Page 275 and 276: Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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Page 279 and 280: Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Page 291 and 292: DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
Page 293 and 294: Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
Page 295 and 296: Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
Page 297 and 298: Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
Page 299 and 300: Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
Page 301 and 302: 286 | Appendix E
Page 303 and 304: HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
Page 305 and 306: LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
Page 307 and 308: NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
Page 309 and 310: NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
Page 311 and 312: INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
Page 313 and 314: September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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