Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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For example, HIV levels typically vary substantially by age, with low levels in the youngest agegroups and peaks at older ages. The 2001-2002 ZDHS results were examined for evidence that coveragelevels varied across age groups. Figure 14.1 shows no evidence that coverage rates in the ZDHS weremarkedly lower in age groups where HIV rates are typically highest.Figure 14.1 Percentage of Respondents 15-49 Tested for HIV inthe 2001-2002 ZDHS, by Age GroupPercent10079 81 80 8180868178604020015-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49Age GroupZDHS 2001-2002Table 14.5 also shows the variation in the coverage of testing by two variables relating to sexualactivity: marital status and number of partners. HIV infection levels in Zambia have been shown to behigher in the unmarried sexually active population than among those who are married (Fylkesnes et al.,1997). In Table 14.5 there is no evidence that unmarried sexually active individuals were less likely to betested than married individuals. In fact, the only major difference in testing coverage by marital status isthe substantially lower rates among women and men who report they had never had intercourse. Thenumber of sexual partners that an individual has had is another factor related to HIV infection risk. Unmarriedmen who report having two or more partners in the 12 months prior to the survey were somewhatless likely to be tested than other men; however, three in four of men in this category were tested.In Zambia, education is another variable related to HIV infection levels, with rates rising directlywith increasing education attainment (Fylkesnes et al., 1997). The variation in coverage rates by educationstatus shown in Table 14.5 do not parallel the known pattern of infection levels by education; in fact,the differentials in HIV testing coverage rates across education groups are comparatively small, with coveragerates lowest among women and men with no education, the group known to have the lowest HIVinfection levels.Table 14.5 also shows coverage rates by the respondent’s prior HIV test status and interest in beingtested. Coverage rates are lowest for individuals who had not previously been tested and did not wantto be tested (roughly 60 percent among both women and men) and highest for individuals who had notbeen tested but indicated that they wanted to be tested (nearly 90 percent of women and men). Aroundthree in four of women and men who were previously tested agreed to be tested in the 2001-2002 survey.Although the variation in coverage rates is more marked in the case of this variable than for the othervariables shown in Table 14.5, it is difficult to assess the nature and direction of the bias that these differentialsmight represent.230 | Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis
14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Table 14.6 presents the findings from the syphilis testing. The table shows that 9 percent of theeligible individuals who were tested for syphilis were found to be positive on the screening test (RPR)and 7 percent were found to be positive on both the screening and the confirmatory tests. The data indicatethat 7 percent of women 15-49 and 8 percent of men 15-49 in Zambia have syphilis.Table 14.6 Syphilis testing by agePrevalence of syphilis among women and men age 15-49 (and men age 15-59), by age group and type of test, Zambia2001-2002AgePercentpositive onscreeningtestWomen Men TotalPercentpositive onscreeningand confirmatorytestNumbertestedPercentpositive onPercent screeningpositive on and confirmatoryscreeningtest testNumbertestedPercentpositive onscreeningtestPercentpositive onscreeningand confirmatorytestNumbertested15-19 4.9 2.9 484 3.6 1.6 365 4.3 2.3 84920-24 9.8 8.2 447 5.5 4.6 309 8.0 6.7 75625-29 11.8 9.4 350 13.6 11.8 306 12.7 10.5 65730-34 9.5 6.6 263 10.2 8.5 242 9.9 7.5 50535-39 7.2 6.0 206 11.6 9.6 226 9.5 7.9 43240-44 6.7 5.1 158 13.8 12.6 150 10.1 8.7 30845-49 8.2 8.2 125 15.3 12.7 95 11.3 10.2 22050-54 na na na 5.9 4.0 95 na na na55-59 na na na 4.8 4.8 54 na na naTotal 15-49 8.3 6.5 2,033 9.3 7.7 1,693 8.8 7.0 3,726Total 15-59 na na na 14.8 11.9 1,842 na na nana = Not applicableThe population testing positive on both syphilis tests rises rapidly with age, from a low of 3 percentin the 15-19 age group to a peak of 11 percent in the 25-29 age group, then falls slightly to 8 or9 percent in the 30-44 age groups, before rising again in the 45-49 age group. The same pattern is seen forwomen and men.Table 14.7 shows that the proportions found to be positive for syphilis are higher for urbanwomen and men compared with their rural counterparts. The rates in the urban provinces, Lusaka andCopperbelt are above the national average. Two rural provinces, Eastern and Western provinces alsohave rates above the national average. Syphilis prevalence rates in the rest of the rural provinces are belowthe national average.1 The syphilis prevalence rates are calculated based on individual weights. Therefore, the figures may be slightlydifferent from previously published data where houshold weights were used.Prevalence of HIV and Syphilis | 231
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
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PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
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PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
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According to mothers’ reports, ar
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ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
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The 1980s marked the start of the f
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the peripheral structures. An impor
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ing in private households in the co
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subjects agreed) received a referra
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confidentiality.Finally, in additio
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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
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Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
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2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
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Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
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Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
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2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
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Thirty percent of households own a
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
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enrolment ratios suggest that educa
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3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
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Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
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3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
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Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
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Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
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non-agricultural occupations, since
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Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
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Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
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3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
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Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
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Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
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FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
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As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
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Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
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Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
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Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
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The median birth interval is 33 mon
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4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
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FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
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Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
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Seventy percent of currently marrie
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
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Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
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The pattern is slightly different f
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5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
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Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
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Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
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Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
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Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
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7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
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Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
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The mean ideal number of children f
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Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
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Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
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Only 27 percent of births are in a
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
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Expectant mothers should beginanten
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There are particularly sharp differ
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Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
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Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
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Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
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Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
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Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
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No major variations were observed w
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Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
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Eastern province has the highest pr
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Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
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Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
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10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
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Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
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Luapula province has the highest pe
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INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
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than half (51 percent) of the infan
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tamination after cleaning, the nipp
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11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
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Few children under two years of age
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Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
Page 199 and 200: 11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
Page 201 and 202: Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
Page 203 and 204: Table 11.12 indicates that children
Page 205 and 206: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
Page 207 and 208: Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
Page 209 and 210: Results show that almost eight out
Page 211 and 212: Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
Page 213 and 214: More than four out of ten never-mar
Page 215 and 216: AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
Page 217 and 218: Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
Page 219 and 220: Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
Page 221 and 222: Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
Page 223 and 224: The view that HIV status of a famil
Page 225 and 226: Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
Page 227 and 228: Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
Page 229 and 230: Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
Page 231 and 232: Men in sales and services and skill
Page 233 and 234: Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
Page 235 and 236: Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
Page 237 and 238: The peak age for having STI symptom
Page 239 and 240: used condoms, 34 percent took medic
Page 241 and 242: The practice of having multiple par
Page 243 and 244: Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
Page 245 and 246: PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
Page 247 and 248: 14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
Page 249: 14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
Page 253 and 254: Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
Page 255 and 256: The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
Page 257 and 258: Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
Page 259 and 260: Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
Page 261 and 262: ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
Page 263 and 264: Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
Page 265 and 266: While again not definitive, the res
Page 267 and 268: 124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
Page 269 and 270: SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
Page 271 and 272: Table A.2. Expected number of selec
Page 273 and 274: Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
Page 275 and 276: Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
Page 277 and 278: where h represents the stratum whic
Page 279 and 280: Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
Page 287 and 288: Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
Page 289 and 290: Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
Page 291 and 292: DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
Page 293 and 294: Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
Page 295 and 296: Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
Page 297 and 298: Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
Page 299 and 300: Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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