Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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Table 11.1 Initial breastfeedingPercentage of children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, and amongchildren ever breastfed, the percentage who started breastfeeding within one hour and within one day of birth,and percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by background characteristics, Zambia 2001-2002–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Among children ever breastfed,percentage who:––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Started Started Number ofPercentage Number breastfeeding breastfeeding Received a childrenBackground ever of within 1 hour within 1 day prelacteal evercharacteristic breastfed children of birth of birth 1 feed 2 breastfed–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––SexMale 98.4 3,341 51.0 90.3 26.2 3,288Female 98.5 3,307 51.4 89.3 25.9 3,257ResidenceUrban 98.0 2,050 61.0 91.1 15.6 2,009Rural 98.6 4,599 46.9 89.2 30.6 4,535ProvinceCentral 98.5 502 35.1 88.3 31.9 495Copperbelt 99.2 1,065 54.4 90.4 17.3 1,057Eastern 98.8 890 60.0 94.0 29.0 880Luapula 99.2 625 38.9 92.8 18.1 620Lusaka 98.0 805 64.4 92.1 14.9 788Northern 98.4 1,008 49.0 91.3 30.7 992North-Western 98.8 357 52.1 94.6 49.2 352Southern 98.2 764 60.6 95.1 15.6 750Western 96.5 632 33.2 65.8 46.3 610Mother's educationNo education 98.4 978 51.4 87.3 31.7 963Primary 98.4 4,235 48.3 90.0 26.4 4,168Secondary 98.7 1,334 59.4 91.3 20.6 1,317Higher 96.1 101 62.0 85.1 27.6 98Assistance at deliveryHealth professional 98.4 2,886 58.5 91.8 20.1 2,840Traditional birth attendant 98.8 763 47.7 91.0 31.9 754Other 98.3 2,541 46.0 87.4 31.0 2,498No one 99.0 444 41.5 90.8 27.0 439Place of deliveryHealth facility 98.3 2,901 58.3 91.7 20.1 2,851At home 98.6 3,700 45.9 88.6 30.8 3,647Other (96.0) 26 (37.4) (89.2) (31.1) 25Total 98.4 6,649 51.2 89.8 26.0 6,544––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Note: Table is based on all births whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview. Total includes14 children for whom assistance at birth is missing and 22 children for whom place of delivery is missing.Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.1Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth2Infant was given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life before the mother startedbreastfeeding regularly.3Doctor, nurse/midwife, or auxiliary midwife164 │ Nutrition among Children and Women
than half (51 percent) of the infants were put to the breast within one hour of birth, and 90 percent startedbreastfeeding within the first day. These proportions are less than the 1996 levels: 58 percent and 91percent, respectively.There are no marked differences in the proportion of children ever breastfed by backgroundcharacteristics. However, significant differences exist with respect to breastfeeding initiation within thefirst hour. A larger proportion of urban infants (61 percent) are breastfed within one hour of birth thanrural infants (47 percent).Initiation of breastfeeding varies among provinces. The proportion of infants that are breastfedwithin one hour of birth ranges from 33 percent in Western province to 64 percent in Lusaka province.Western province has the lowest percentage of children who started breastfeeding within one day of birth:66 percent compared with 88 percent or higher in the other provinces.Prelacteal feeding is not widely practiced in Zambia. Only 26 percent of children born in the fiveyears preceding the survey received a prelacteal feed. Prelacteal feeding is more widely practiced in ruralareas (31 percent) than urban areas (16 percent). North-Western (49 percent) and Western provinces (46percent) have the highest reported rates of this practice. Women who did not deliver in a health facilityhave higher reported rates of prelacteal feeding (31 percent) than those who delivered in a health facility(20 percent).A breastfeeding programme started in urban areas of Zambia in 1992 may have had an impact onregional differences in the prevalence of early breastfeeding and breastfeeding initiation. However, theprogramme was discontinued for the period because of the uncertainties of the risk of transmission of theAIDS virus to the baby through breast milk. Training has since resumed, taking care of the concernsthrough the infant and young child feeding counseling, of which breastfeeding is a major component.11.1.2 Age Pattern of BreastfeedingBreast milk is safe, convenient, uncontaminated and contains all the nutrients needed by the babyin the first six months of life. In Zambia, all women are encouraged to breastfeed their infants exclusivelyfor the first six months and then complement the breastfeeding with nutritious foods for at least two years.Breast milk provides protection against infection through the mother’s antibodies. Supplementing breastmilk before 6 months is unnecessary and is strongly discouraged because of the likelihood ofcontamination, the unaffordability of breast milk substitutes, and the resulting increased risk of diarrhoealdisease. The early introduction of liquids and solids reduces breast milk output because the productionand release of milk is influenced by the frequency and intensity of suckling. HIV positive mothers maytransmit the virus to their infants during pregnancy or delivery. Some may also transmit the virus to theirinfants via breast milk. However, the majority (80 percent) of infants of HIV-positive women do notbecome infected from their mothers through breast milk. Breastfeeding remains the best nutrition evenfor infants of HIV-positive mothers and mothers of unknown status as it provides resistance toopportunistic diseases.Table 11.2 presents breastfeeding practises from birth through the third year of life. Based oninformation about feeding practises in the 24 hours preceding the survey, almost all children are breastfedfor at least one year, with only 3 percent of children aged 12-15 months who are not breastfed. By age 16-19 months, 15 percent of children are no longer breastfeeding. Breastfeeding decreases rapidly late in thesecond year of life, so that by 28-31 months of age, virtually all children (97 percent) are weaned. In the1996 ZDHS, almost all children were weaned by 34 months.Nutrition among Children and Women │ 165
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
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PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
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PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
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According to mothers’ reports, ar
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ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
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The 1980s marked the start of the f
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the peripheral structures. An impor
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ing in private households in the co
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subjects agreed) received a referra
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confidentiality.Finally, in additio
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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
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Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
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2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
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Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
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Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
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2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
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Thirty percent of households own a
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
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enrolment ratios suggest that educa
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3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
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Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
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3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
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Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
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Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
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non-agricultural occupations, since
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Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
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Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
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3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
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Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
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Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
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FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
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As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
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Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
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Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
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Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
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The median birth interval is 33 mon
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4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
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FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
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Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
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Seventy percent of currently marrie
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
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Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
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The pattern is slightly different f
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5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
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Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
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Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
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Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
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Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
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Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
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Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
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FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
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The above results show an increase
Page 133 and 134: 7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
Page 135 and 136: Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
Page 137 and 138: The mean ideal number of children f
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
Page 141 and 142: Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
Page 143 and 144: Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
Page 145 and 146: Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality
Page 147 and 148: Only 27 percent of births are in a
Page 149 and 150: MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
Page 151 and 152: Expectant mothers should beginanten
Page 153 and 154: There are particularly sharp differ
Page 155 and 156: Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
Page 157 and 158: Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
Page 159 and 160: Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
Page 163 and 164: Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
Page 165 and 166: No major variations were observed w
Page 167 and 168: Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
Page 169 and 170: Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
Page 171 and 172: Eastern province has the highest pr
Page 173 and 174: Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
Page 175 and 176: Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
Page 177 and 178: 10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
Page 179 and 180: Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
Page 181 and 182: Luapula province has the highest pe
Page 183: INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
Page 187 and 188: tamination after cleaning, the nipp
Page 189 and 190: 11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
Page 191 and 192: Few children under two years of age
Page 193 and 194: Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
Page 195 and 196: 11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
Page 197 and 198: 11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
Page 199 and 200: 11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
Page 201 and 202: Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
Page 203 and 204: Table 11.12 indicates that children
Page 205 and 206: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
Page 207 and 208: Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
Page 209 and 210: Results show that almost eight out
Page 211 and 212: Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
Page 213 and 214: More than four out of ten never-mar
Page 215 and 216: AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
Page 217 and 218: Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
Page 219 and 220: Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
Page 221 and 222: Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
Page 223 and 224: The view that HIV status of a famil
Page 225 and 226: Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
Page 227 and 228: Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
Page 229 and 230: Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
Page 231 and 232: Men in sales and services and skill
Page 233 and 234: Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
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Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
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The peak age for having STI symptom
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used condoms, 34 percent took medic
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The practice of having multiple par
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Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
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PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
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14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
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14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
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14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
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Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
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The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
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Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
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ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
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Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
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While again not definitive, the res
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124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
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SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
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Table A.2. Expected number of selec
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Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
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Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
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Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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