Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002 - Measure DHS

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A comparison of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality from the 1992, 1996 and 2001-2002surveys is shown in Table 8.4. For neonatal mortality, there was little change in urban rates between thethree surveys but a steady decline in rural areas. For infant and under-five mortality, rates rose between1992 and 1996 and then declined from 1996 to 2001-2002, both in urban and rural areas, although theincrease in both infant and under-five mortality between 1992 and 1996 is small. The trend between thethree surveys in early childhood mortality rates within the same category of mother’s education isgenerally a curve, with rates increasing between 1992 and 1996 and then dropping from 1996 to 2001-2002. The only exception is the neonatal mortality rates for children of mothers with primary andsecondary or higher education: rates generally decline between the three surveys.Table 8.4 Trends in early childhood mortality rates by residence and educationNeonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates for the ten-year periods preceding the survey, by residence andmother’s education, ZDHS 2001-2002, ZDHS 1996, and ZDHS 1992Residence andmother’s educationNeonatal mortality (NN) Infant mortality ( 1 q 0 ) Under-five mortality ( 5 q 0 )ZDHS1992ZDHS1996ZDHS2001-2002ZDHS1992ZDHS1996ZDHS2001-2002ZDHS1992ZDHS1996ZDHS2001-2002ResidenceUrban 32 32 31 78 92 77 151 173 140Rural 47 39 35 116 118 103 201 205 182Mother’s educationNo education 47 48 39 115 133 108 204 222 198Primary 40 36 34 99 110 99 182 201 177Secondary or higher 35 27 27 79 82 70 135 142 1218.4 EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY RATES BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSStudies have shown that a number of demographic factors are strongly associated with thesurvival chances of young children. These factors include sex of the child, age of the mother at birth, birthorder, length of the preceding birth interval, and the size of the child at birth. Table 8.5 presents mortalityrates for by selected demographic characteristics. Again, for most variables in Table 8.5, the mortalityestimates are calculated for a ten-year period before the survey so that the rates are based on a sufficientnumber of cases in each category to ensure statistical significance. However, five-year rates are presentedfor the birth weight variable because information collected for this indicator was available only for birthsduring the period since 1996.Female children have a lower mortality risk than males. The under-five mortality risk for malesis more than 10 percent greater than that for females. Among the demographic characteristics, a precedingbirth interval of less than 24 months poses the highest risk for child survival. For example, thedata show that when the birth interval is less than 24 months, infant mortality is double that for a birthinterval of 36 months or more. It should be noted that there is now a new international consensus (Setty-Venugopal and Upadhyay, 2002) that the optimal interval between births is at least 36 months. Asillustrated in Table 8.5, early childhood mortality is higher for births occurring after an interval of 24-35months than those occurring 36 or more months after a previous birth. For example, the infant mortalityrisk ratio for births occurring after an interval of 24-35 months (75 per 1,000) to births occurring after 36-47 months (69 per 1,000) is 1.09, i.e., children born 24-35 months after a previous birth are 9 percentmore likely to die in the first year of life than those born 36-47 months after a previous birth). Thesefindings show the importance of birth spacing as a means of reducing childhood mortality.Mortality risks for each category of childhood mortality generally display a U-shape curve bymother’s age and birth order. In Zambia, an exception to this pattern occurs in the case of child mortality(age 1-4); the child mortality rate for birth order 2-3 is higher than that of children of other birth orders.Infant and Child Mortality | 121
Table 8.5 Early childhood mortality by demographic characteristicsNeonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the ten-year periodpreceding the survey, by selected demographic characteristics, Zambia 2001-2002––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Neonatal Postneonatal Infant Child Under-fiveDemographic mortality mortality 1 mortality mortality mortalitycharacteristic (NN) (PNN) ( 1 q 0 ) ( 4 q 1 ) ( 5 q 0 )––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Child's sexMale 34 61 95 89 176Female 32 60 93 74 160Mother's age at birth
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ZambiaDemographic andHealth Survey2
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This report summarises the findings
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Page3.6 Women’s Employment ......
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Page11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake amo
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PageA.7 Sample Selection ..........
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PageTable 3.11 Decision on use of e
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Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates ..
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PageTable 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AI
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PREFACEThe Zambia Demographic and H
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FAMILY PLANNINGKnowledge of contrac
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According to mothers’ reports, ar
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ZAMBIALake TanganyikaLake MweruTanz
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The 1980s marked the start of the f
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the peripheral structures. An impor
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ing in private households in the co
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subjects agreed) received a referra
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confidentiality.Finally, in additio
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CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND2R
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Figure 2.2 Distribution of De Facto
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2.4 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
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Figure 2.3 Percent Distribution of
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Figure 2.4 Net and Gross Attendance
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2.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ANDHOUS
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Thirty percent of households own a
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS3AND
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enrolment ratios suggest that educa
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3.3 LITERACYThe ability to read is
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Figure 3.1 Youth Literacy100 Percen
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3.5 MEN’S EMPLOYMENTMale responde
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Table 3.6 Occupation: menPercent di
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Table 3.8 Employment status: womenP
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non-agricultural occupations, since
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Table 3.12 Women’s control over e
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Table 3.14.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.14.2 Women’s participatio
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Table 3.15.1 Women’s attitudes to
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3.7.3 Attitudes toward Refusing Sex
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Table 3.16.2 Men’s attitudes towa
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Table 3.17.1 Smoking of tobacco: wo
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FERTILITY4Richard Banda and Margare
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As the comparison in Figure 4.1 ind
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Figure 4.3 Total Fertility Rate by
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Table 4.4 Trends in fertility by ba
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Results from the 2001-2002 ZDHS ind
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The median birth interval is 33 mon
Page 93 and 94: 4.6 TEENAGE FERTILITYAdolescent chi
Page 95 and 96: FERTILITY REGULATION5Mika Bwembya a
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Seventy percent of currently marrie
Page 101: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.7 Number of children at fir
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.10 Source of contraceptionP
Page 109 and 110: The pattern is slightly different f
Page 111 and 112: 5.14 EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING ME
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.16.1 Exposure to specific r
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.17 shows that 18 percent of
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.19 Attitudes of couples tow
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.1 shows that one-fourth of
Page 121 and 122: Table 6.3 Age at first marriagePerc
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 125 and 126: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 127 and 128: Almost four in ten (38 percent) of
Page 129 and 130: FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND UNMET NEE
Page 131 and 132: The above results show an increase
Page 133 and 134: 7.3 UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNINGW
Page 135 and 136: Figure 7.4 Unmet Need for Spacing a
Page 137 and 138: The mean ideal number of children f
Page 139 and 140: Table 7.7 shows the total wanted fe
Page 141 and 142: Fifty-nine percent of all neonatal
Page 143: Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
Page 147 and 148: Only 27 percent of births are in a
Page 149 and 150: MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH9Miriam Ch
Page 151 and 152: Expectant mothers should beginanten
Page 153 and 154: There are particularly sharp differ
Page 155 and 156: Table 9.5 Place of deliveryPercent
Page 157 and 158: Table 9.7 shows that only 2 percent
Page 159 and 160: Table 9.8 Postnatal carePercent dis
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.9 Visits by health workersP
Page 163 and 164: Table 9.10.2 Neighbourhood Health C
Page 165 and 166: No major variations were observed w
Page 167 and 168: Table 9.13 Vaccinations by backgrou
Page 169 and 170: Table 9.14 Prevalence of injections
Page 171 and 172: Eastern province has the highest pr
Page 173 and 174: Table 9.18 Diarrhoea treatmentPerce
Page 175 and 176: Table 9.20 Household knowledge and
Page 177 and 178: 10.1.1 Use of Bednets by Children a
Page 179 and 180: Table 10.4 Use of antimalarial drug
Page 181 and 182: Luapula province has the highest pe
Page 183 and 184: INFANT FEEDING, NUTRITIONAL PRACTIC
Page 185 and 186: than half (51 percent) of the infan
Page 187 and 188: tamination after cleaning, the nipp
Page 189 and 190: 11.2 COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING11.2.1 Ty
Page 191 and 192: Few children under two years of age
Page 193 and 194: Table 11.6 Iodisation of household
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11.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among C
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11.3.3 Micronutrient Supplementatio
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11.4 HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYFood se
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Table 11.12 Nutritional status of c
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Table 11.12 indicates that children
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 12Mary Kazun
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Table 12.2 Experience of beatings o
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Results show that almost eight out
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Table 12.5 Experience of sexual vio
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More than four out of ten never-mar
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AIDS/HIV/STI-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND1
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Table 13.2 Knowledge of ways to avo
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Knowledge of HIV prevention methods
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Table 13.5 Discussion of HIV/AIDS w
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The view that HIV status of a famil
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Table 13.8 Knowledge of “Trendset
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Figure 13.1 Unmet Need for HIV Test
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Table 13.10 Men's attitudes toward
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Men in sales and services and skill
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Table 13.13 Alcohol consumption by
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Table 13.14.2 Knowledge of symptoms
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The peak age for having STI symptom
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used condoms, 34 percent took medic
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The practice of having multiple par
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Table 13.21 Use of condoms by type
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PREVALENCE OF HIV AND SYPHILIS 14Ku
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14.1.2 Coverage for HIV Testing by
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14.1.3 Approach to Weighting Syphil
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14.2 SYPHILIS PREVALENCE RATES 1Tab
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Table 14.8 Syphilis prevalence by a
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The 2001-2002 ZDHS data can be used
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Figure 14.2 illustrates the distinc
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Figure 14.3 HIV Prevalence AmongWom
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ADULT MORTALITY15Ann A. WayData col
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Table 15.2 Adult mortality ratesDir
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While again not definitive, the res
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124 | ReferencesGaisie, K., A. Cros
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SAMPLE DESIGNAppendix AA.1 INTRODUC
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Table A.2. Expected number of selec
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Similarly, a total of 2,658 potenti
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Table A.5 Sample implementation: me
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for selec
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for sele
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for sele
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DATA QUALITY TABLESAppendix CTable
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Table C.3 Completeness of reporting
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Table C.6 Reporting of age at death
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Provincial CoordinatorsMr Martin Nj
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Data Processing StaffMr Mathews Muv
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286 | Appendix E
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we would like
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LINENO.USUAL RESIDENTSAND VISITORSR
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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INFORMED CONSENT FOR SYPHILIS AND H
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September 28, 20012001 ZAMBIA DEMOG
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUN
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SECTION 2: REPRODUCTIONNO. QUESTION
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212 213 214 215 216 217IF ALIVE:218
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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NO. QUESTION AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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407AWhere did the first antenatal v
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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NAMELAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST-BIRTHNAM
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SECTION 4B. IMMUNIZATION, HEALTH AN
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTHNAMENAM
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH474B CH
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LAST BIRTHNEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH480 Wha
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NO QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CAT
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SECTION 5. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 6. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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SECTION 9. MATERNAL MORTALITYNO. QU
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904 What wasname given toyour oldes
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NAME OF EDITOR:____________________
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SUPERVISOR FIELD EDITOR OFFICE EDIT
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14 Have you heard of any other ways
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SECTION 5. FERTILITY PREFERENCESNO.
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SECTION 7. AIDS AND OTHER SEXUALLY
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