The BAP test and the global assessment of oxidative stress ... - Medial

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In particular, 140 Labrador Retriever dogs,75 females and 55 males, between 1 and 5years old, fed with the same super-premiumdry food and with the same lifestyle, wereincluded in a study (25). All the subjects werein good health conditions at the physical andlaboratory examination (haemogram,biochemical profile, urine analysis and serumprotein electrophoresis) (25).The BAP test showed linear in the testedinterval (Figure 9), with a 0,95 “r” coefficient.µEq/L2500.002000.001500.001000.00500.00R 2 =0.950.000 20 40 60 80 100 120%Figure 9. Linearity of BAP test (data from canineplasma) (modified by Pasquini et al, 2008) (25).The recovery values of accuracy turned out106,41%. The within-run CV WAS 6,4 %, whilethe between-run CV was 8,1% (25). Thesedifferences, compared to the lower data shownin Humans, can be at least partially ascribableto pre-analytical errors. In fact, preliminaryreports on rats indicate that the intake of foodand/or antioxidants significantly increases thebasal value of the BAP test. Therefore, it ismandatory to perform the BAP test in the samepre-analytical conditions of other biochemicaltests, like blood glucose (the morning, at rest).This should significantly decrease anyvariability of the BAP test even in the sameindividual.Taken together, these findings indicate thatthe BAP test shows good to excellent analyticalperformances as a reliable tool to assessantioxidant status in blood samples either fromHumans or Animals.These performances were shown improvedrecently by automating the test on a multipleanalyzer (OLYMPUS 450) (data submitted forpublication).Interestingly, BAP test showed excellentrepeatability on other biological matrices, likewater-soluble antioxidant formulas, with anintra-assay coefficient of variation 1.9% (seebelow, Studies in Vitro).At the moment, the only describedinterfering factor as well as for all photometricassays is a very high blood level of lipids (seebelow).6. Interpretation of resultsAccording to the data of the Producer(Diacron International, Grosseto, Italy), the“optimal value” of BAP test in healthy peoplesshould be at least 2.200 µEq/L.Benedetti et al. confirmed this finding, byshowing values 2169 ± 105 µEq/L on plasmablood samples (n=12) from apparently healthypeoples, selected among a more largepopulation of healthy blood donors(unpublished data).Noticeably these values are very similar tothese very recently reported by Nagata et al. in50 healthy volunteers (2137 ± 228 µEq/L)(26).Therefore, the normal range proposed bythe producer is substantially confirmed bythese preliminary data (see also below, ClinicalStudies on Humans).In other words, values lower than 2.200µEq/L indicate a reduced “biological potential”and hence a decreased effectiveness of theantioxidant plasma barrier, according to anarbitrary scale of severity (Table 5).Table 5. BAP test results and antioxidant barrierimpairment.BAP test results Impairment degree of(µEq/L) plasma antioxidant barrier2.200 – 2.000 Border line condition2.000 – 1.800 Slight reduction1.800 – 1.600 Moderate reduction1.600 – 1.400 Strong reduction< 1.400 Very strong reductionOptimal value > 2.200 µEq/L12www.fras4evolvo.it
Preliminary data also suggests that elderlypeoples have results of the BAP test lower thanhealthy adults (unpublished data).Interestingly, dogs showed a normal rangevery similar to that one of Humans (2446 ±585 µEq/L) with a normal-like distribution of allvalues, ranging from 1440 to 3260 µEql/L (25)(Table 6).Table 6. Referral range of BAP test in dogs(modified by Pasquini et al, 2008) (25).Unitsµmol/LKurtosis – 1.4Skewness – 0.2Media 2466Mediana 2610SD 585Reference range 1440 – 32607. Clinical studies on HumansThe clinical usefulness of the BAP test inHumans bas been demonstrated in severalstudies, either in physiological or pathologicalconditions. Most of these papers wereperformed by coupling d-ROMs test with BAPtest. However, because this short review isfocused on BAP test we will describeparticularly clinical studies on this test with areference to d-ROMs test when indicated.Due to the close relationships betweenoxygen pressure and oxidative stresspreliminary studies evaluated BAP test inconditions mimicking hyperoxia.It has been suggested that hyperbaricoxygen (HBO) causes oxidative stress throughthe production of reactive oxygen metabolites,as also detected by d-ROMs test (27). Howeversome patients with decompression illness (DCI)need repeated HBO treatments which can leadto concerns about an accumulation of oxidativestress (28). Therefore 9 DCI patients wereexposed to two session of U. S. NavyTreatment Table 6 at an interval of 3 days(23). BAP significantly increased after the 1 stand after the 2 nd HBO compared with before 1 stHBO (23) (Figure 10).µEq/L25002000150010005000P
Page 1 and 2: Eugenio Luigi IorioA short reviiewR
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