Water <strong>sources</strong>, <strong>infrastructure</strong>, <strong>space</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>dynamics</strong> <strong>of</strong> environmental diseases in Saboba District: Using GISTable 11: Criteria for Interpreting Correlation. Source: Cohen (1988)Correlation Negative PositiveSmall −0.3 to −0.1 0.1 to 0.3Medium −0.5 to −0.3 0.3 to 0.5Large −1.0 to −0.5 0.5 to 1.0Method usedDistances to major towns, roads <strong>and</strong> <strong>water</strong>courses were extracted usingArcGIS tool – Spatial Analyst – Distance – Straight line. The resultswere saved into DBF 4 format – MS Excel <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n to SPSS where <strong>the</strong>significance was tested using correlation (2-tailed) with <strong>the</strong> three leading(environmental) diseases (Malaria, Typhoid <strong>and</strong> RTI) in <strong>the</strong> district. For<strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> this study, 0.05 levels are considered significant. It isworth noting that percentage <strong>of</strong> reported diseases to population in eacharea is used in this study, <strong>and</strong> not <strong>the</strong> raw figure. Figure 8 to 13 show <strong>the</strong>various map outcomes, while Table 12 shows its corresponding values.Space <strong>and</strong> environmental diseases: GIS analysisWith <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> GIS (ArcGIS), this section analyses <strong>the</strong> relation betweenenvironmental diseases <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> above mentioned spatial variables.Distances <strong>of</strong> settlements to <strong>the</strong> main town (district capital) in Saboba districtFigure 8 shows that majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> settlements in Saboba district islocated beyond 10 km (10,000 metres) from <strong>the</strong> major town (Saboba)where <strong>the</strong> only hospital in <strong>the</strong> district is located. Poor road networks <strong>and</strong>floods fur<strong>the</strong>r impede movement <strong>of</strong> people to <strong>the</strong> district capital.Distances from each settlement to <strong>the</strong> major town were extracted usingGIS (results are affected by distances to major towns in neighbouringdistricts). The results are shown in column 12 <strong>of</strong> Table 12Distances <strong>of</strong> settlements to roads in Saboba districtThe research also tried to find out whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re are any relationshipbetween closeness to road <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> three environmental diseases,especially RTI, through smoke <strong>and</strong> dust from moving vehicles. Thereported cases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se diseases <strong>of</strong> each settlement <strong>and</strong> its correspondentdistances to <strong>the</strong> nearest vertices <strong>of</strong> a road are shown in <strong>the</strong> map in Figure9, <strong>and</strong> its values in column 8,9,10 <strong>and</strong> 13 in Table 12. The outcome isimputed into SPSS to find correlation between <strong>the</strong> two variables, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>results shown <strong>and</strong> analysed later in this section.Distances <strong>of</strong> settlements to rivers in Saboba districtFigure 10 depicts distances <strong>of</strong> each settlement with respect to <strong>the</strong> nearestriver course (excluding streams, lakes <strong>and</strong> dams). A number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>settlements are located within 6 km (6000 metres) from <strong>the</strong> rivers. Theassumption/analogy is that <strong>the</strong> more closer a settlement is to a river, <strong>the</strong>higher <strong>the</strong> rates <strong>of</strong> <strong>water</strong>-related diseases – example, malaria.Distances <strong>of</strong> settlements to <strong>water</strong>courses in <strong>the</strong> Saboba districtFigure 11 shows distances <strong>of</strong> each settlement with respect to <strong>the</strong> nearest<strong>water</strong>course (stream, lake, dam etc). The reported disease values <strong>of</strong> eachsettlement <strong>and</strong> its correspondent distance to <strong>water</strong>courses are shown incolumn 8,9,10 <strong>and</strong> 14 in Table 12. Majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> settlements are locatedwithin 3 km (3000 metres) to <strong>the</strong> nearest <strong>water</strong>course. However, veryfew <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se <strong>water</strong> bodies provide <strong>water</strong> for <strong>the</strong> communities due to <strong>the</strong>irseasonality <strong>of</strong> flow. The analogy is that <strong>the</strong> more closer a settlement is to<strong>water</strong>courses, <strong>the</strong> higher its risks <strong>of</strong> <strong>water</strong>-related diseases. Thisassumption was tested by correlating distances <strong>of</strong> settlements to31
Mat<strong>the</strong>w Biniyam KursahTRITA LWR Master Thesisincidences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three leading environmental diseases (Malaria, Typhoid<strong>and</strong> RTI) in Saboba district.Type <strong>of</strong> L<strong>and</strong> cover <strong>and</strong> location <strong>of</strong> settlements in Saboba districtWhe<strong>the</strong>r l<strong>and</strong> cover has any bearing on environmental diseases is veryimportant for mitigation measures, as it will help direct interventionpolicies towards a specific area whose l<strong>and</strong> cover type has predisposed<strong>the</strong> inhabitants to higher environmental hazards/diseases. This studytries to identify if incidences <strong>of</strong> environmental diseases occur primarily ina particular type <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> cover shown in Figure 12. The various diseasevalues <strong>of</strong> each settlement <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> corresponding l<strong>and</strong> cover type areshown in column 8,9,10 <strong>and</strong> 15 in Table 12Elevation (in metres) <strong>and</strong> settlements in Saboba districtFigure 13 shows that about 80% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> district is between 100-150metres in height <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rest fall within 150-200 <strong>and</strong> 50-100 metresmarks. This depicts that Saboba district is generally a lowlying plain areawith floodable potentials, as it usually does, with great environmentalhealth risks. The various disease values <strong>of</strong> each settlement <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>corresponding elevation are shown in column 8,9,10 <strong>and</strong> 16 <strong>of</strong> Table 12.32
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