From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec

FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhry (2007).173 ECLAC (various years).174 L. Taylor and R. von Arnim (2007).175 D. Rodrik (2004).176 D. Rodrik (2003).177 M. Spence (2007).178 H.-J. Chang (2005).179 China reduced levels of $1-a-day poverty from approximately 32 per cent of itspopulation in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2004, and Viet Nam from approximately51 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2004. An important caveat to the povertyreduction story is that economic growth in both China and Viet Nam hasdriven (and been driven by) an enormous expansion of the informal urbanindustrial sector, where migrants are employed in often poor and dangerousconditions, with no social protection measures and poor wages in comparisonwith workers in the formal economy. Recent urban migrants are invisible innational poverty surveys, which measure only those with registered residents’status, and so ‘new’ urban poverty is likely to be significantly under-representedin official poverty data.180 WTO (2007).181 The actual figure is 37 per cent for 2005: 2005 figures, World Bank (2007)World Development Indicators 2007.182 S. Laird et al. (2006).183 M. Stockbridge (2006) op. cit.184 H.-J. Chang (2001) Kicking Away the Ladder.185 For a pre-commodity boom analysis of the commodity trade, see D. Green(2005).186 J. Banister (2005); R. Kaplinsky (2005) ‘Asian Drivers: China, India AndThe Global Labour Force’.187 World Wide Fund for Nature (2006).188 H. Lopez (2006).189 M. Spence (2007) op. cit.190 R. Layard (2005) op. cit.PART 4: RISK AND VULNERABILITY1 R. Chambers et al. (2000) op. cit.2 D.F. Bryceson and J. Fonseca (2006).3 Oxfam International (2006) ‘Causing Hunger: an Overview of the Food Crisesin Africa’.4 UNDP (2005) op. cit.5 P. Suarez (2006).6 UNISDR (2004).7 R. Chambers et al. (2000) op. cit., p.175.8 For a more recent formulation, see the Final Report of the UN Commissionon Human Security (2003).9 See D. Green (1998) Hidden Lives.456