From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITARIAN RELIEFInternational efforts at arms control have long focused on nuclearand other sophisticated weapons systems, yet small arms and lightweapons are the true weapons of mass destruction, responsible forsome 300,000 deaths in 2003. 204 And these are unregulated by internationallaw. The UN has imposed arms embargoes but they are verydifficult to enforce, given the nature of the industry.Many weapons are now produced by global supply chains spreadacross a number of different countries, similar to those found in theelectronics industry. This enables companies to circumvent nationalcontrols on arms exports to human rights violators, an exercise inwhich governments North and South are colluding. Austrian pistolmakerGlock, for instance, plans to set up production facilitiesin Brazil, from where exports would not be subject to the EU’s Codeof Conduct on Arms Exports, while in 2002 the Indian governmentscrapped its ‘blacklist’ of countries barred from buying itsweapons. India has subsequently exported to Myanmar and Sudan,both of which, according to the UN and Amnesty International, systematicallyviolate human rights and are now subject to EU and UN armsembargoes. 205National governments by themselves have been unable or unwillingto rein in this deadly trade, not least because of the lobbying power oflarge arms firms, both in their home countries and in their mainmarkets. For most of the last century, the world’s major armsexporters were the USA, Russia, the UK, and France. In the pastdecade, however, the big four have been joined by China, India, Israel,South Korea, and South Africa.Arms firms are typically backed up by large public subsidies in theform of official ‘export credit guarantees’ against non- or late payment.In the UK, while arms deliveries made up only 1.6 per cent of allvisible UK exports from 2000–03, they accounted for 43 per cent ofthe government’s export credit guarantees. 206Collectively, countries in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, andAfrica spent $22.5bn on arms during 2004, a sum sufficient to putevery child in school and to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by2015. 207 In the face of the extraordinary levels of death and waste,governments and citizens’ groups are increasingly taking action. InWest Africa in 2006, the 15 countries of the Economic Community of399
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African States (ECOWAS) signed the world’s first regional armstrade treaty. The treaty, in large part the result of a public campaign ledby a number of NGOs (including Oxfam), included controls on internationalarms transfers and a ban on arms sales to non-state actors – afirst. 208 With the support of ECOWAS members, that same year theUN General Assembly voted overwhelmingly to launch talks on aglobal Arms Trade Treaty. Based on the principles of internationalhuman rights and humanitarian law, such a treaty would create minimumglobal standards for arms transfers, preventing those likely to beused to violate human rights or hinder development. The success ofsimilar moves on landmines (see page 403) shows what can beachieved through co-ordinated international action. It may takeanother 20 years before such a treaty comes to fruition and is thenrigorously enforced, but it will be essential for the international systemfor peace and security to function effectively.NATURAL RESOURCESGlobal action is also essential to prevent the export of naturalresources from financing wars, as occurred with rough diamonds,known more evocatively as ‘blood diamonds’, in the devastatingconflicts in Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, the DRC, and Sierra Leone. Thejoint efforts of government, civil society, and the internationaldiamond industry to certify ‘clean diamonds’ successfully stemmedthe flow of blood diamonds. By 2007, the Kimberley Process, as it isknown, covered 99.8 per cent of the global production of roughdiamonds. 209 In the DRC, legitimate diamond revenues have morethan doubled since the country began to implement the Kimberleyrecommendations. At the same time, it appears that the illegal tradingroutes across the DRC’s eastern borders have indeed been closed.The success of the Kimberley Process points to the need for furtherefforts by other industries to close down the market for those exploitingresources to fund conflict, whether by growing opium in Afghanistanor mining coltan, a raw material for the cell phone industry, in theDRC. 210 In parallel with curbing such trade, alternative livelihoodsmust be found for the poor people who rely on it, or conflict is likelyto flare up again. Ending the black market in exports from conflictzones is only a start towards transparency across all industries that400
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITARIAN RELIEFInternational efforts at arms control have long focused on nuclearand other sophisticated weapons systems, yet small arms and lightweapons are the true weapons of mass destruction, responsible forsome 300,000 deaths in 2003. 204 And these are unregulated by internationallaw. The UN has imposed arms embargoes but they are verydifficult <strong>to</strong> enforce, given the nature of the industry.Many weapons are now produced by global supply chains spreadacross a number of different countries, similar <strong>to</strong> those found in theelectronics industry. This enables companies <strong>to</strong> circumvent nationalcontrols on arms exports <strong>to</strong> human rights viola<strong>to</strong>rs, an exercise inwhich governments North and South are colluding. Austrian pis<strong>to</strong>lmakerGlock, for instance, plans <strong>to</strong> set up production facilitiesin Brazil, from where exports would not be subject <strong>to</strong> the EU’s Codeof Conduct on Arms Exports, while in 2002 the Indian governmentscrapped its ‘blacklist’ of countries barred from buying itsweapons. India has subsequently exported <strong>to</strong> Myanmar and Sudan,both of which, according <strong>to</strong> the UN and Amnesty International, systematicallyviolate human rights and are now subject <strong>to</strong> EU and UN armsembargoes. 205National governments by themselves have been unable or unwilling<strong>to</strong> rein in this deadly trade, not least because of the lobbying <strong>power</strong> oflarge arms firms, both in their home countries and in their mainmarkets. For most of the last century, the world’s major armsexporters were the USA, Russia, the UK, and France. In the pastdecade, however, the big four have been joined by China, India, Israel,South Korea, and South Africa.Arms firms are typically backed up by large public subsidies in theform of official ‘export credit guarantees’ against non- or late payment.In the UK, while arms deliveries made up only 1.6 per cent of allvisible UK exports from 2000–03, they accounted for 43 per cent ofthe government’s export credit guarantees. 206Collectively, countries in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, andAfrica spent $22.5bn on arms during 2004, a sum sufficient <strong>to</strong> putevery child in school and <strong>to</strong> reduce child mortality by two-thirds by2015. 207 In the face of the extraordinary levels of death and waste,governments and citizens’ groups are increasingly taking action. InWest Africa in 2006, the 15 countries of the Economic Community of399