From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITARIAN RELIEFup to 40 per cent in Canada’s case in 2004, which helped to prompt apolicy change to allow increased local sourcing. 181 In addition, a third ofthe global food aid budget is wasted because the USA insists on processingfood aid domestically and shipping it via national carriers. 182 AnOECD study found that the actual costs of tied food aid transfers wereon average approximately 50 per cent higher than local food purchasesand 33 per cent more costly than procurement of food in thirdcountries (so-called triangular transactions). 183 An extra $750m ayear in aid for poor countries could be released if rich countries,particularly the USA, gave food aid as cash instead of in kind.Where food is available on local markets, food aid can also bedemeaning: evaluations of cash-transfer schemes show that peopleprefer cash to soup kitchens because cash provides a greater choiceover spending priorities and respects their dignity, rather than treatingthem as passive beneficiaries. When people use the cash to buyagricultural inputs, it also helps to improve livelihoods and boost thelocal economy (see Part 4). 184Three of the four major donors – the EU, Canada, and Australia –have promised to use food aid more judiciously and to increase theproportion they buy in developing countries, rather than source itfrom home. 185 Largely due to the lobbying of agribusiness and shippinginterests, the USA remains defiant and, as the supplier of more than 50per cent of the world’s food aid, continues to distort the world’sresponse to crises.Short-term solutions for long-term problems: As discussed in Part4, there is increasing recognition that much of the vulnerability experiencedby poor people and communities is actually chronic ratherthan event-driven, and needs to be dealt with through national governmentsocial protection systems, supported by international aid,rather than through short-term humanitarian assistance. This blursthe boundaries between ‘emergencies’ and ‘development’, but it alsomore accurately reflects real life for millions of people living on theedge of poverty.Recognition of these failings has prompted a spate of initiatives inrecent years aimed at turning the international humanitarian systeminto something closer to the co-ordinated response of a modernwelfare state. The UN has introduced a ‘cluster approach’, nominating389
FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies in nine areas of humanitarian action (for example,UNICEF leads on nutrition, water, and sanitation, while UNHCR is incharge of managing camps for people affected by war or disaster).At the UN ‘World Summit’ in September 2005, the organisation’s192 member governments promised to improve the timeliness andpredictability of humanitarian relief, including upgrading the UN’sexisting Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF). This wouldenable the UN system to provide a rapid response and adequatelyfund ‘neglected emergencies’, rather than waste precious weeks andmonths passing the hat round to donors.In its first year, the CERF committed $259.3m for over 331 projectsin 35 countries. This included $182.4m for rapid response and $76.9mfor underfunded emergencies. Donors duly upped their pledges to$342m for 2007. CERF funding has undoubtedly saved lives, particularlyin underfunded or ‘forgotten’ emergencies. However, even the CERFsuffers from administrative and disbursement delays both at its headquartersin New York and in the field, since funding is channelledthrough UN agencies that have done little or nothing to adapt theirown procedures – early signs that an overly cumbersome system fordisbursing funds might undermine the CERF’s effectiveness. 186In 2006 a high-level panel appointed by the UN Secretary-Generalmade some further recommendations that could improve its humanitarianresponse: UN bodies need to work together as a single entity inany given developing country, with a single boss, budget, and office;funding for UN operations, both to promote development and toreact to short-term emergencies, needs to be more predictable andlong-term; the UN needs a single, powerful voice on women (it currentlyhas three separate entities); and it needs to pay more attention toenvironmental and sustainability issues. 187For their part, in 2003 donor governments set up the GoodHumanitarian Donorship initiative to identify and promulgate bestpractices. This is based on 23 principles, including increasing thetimeliness of aid and providing aid according to need. 188 InternationalNGOs have also set up a series of learning and accountability projects,most sporting the inevitable acronyms. HAP (The HumanitarianAccountability Partnership) looks at downwards accountability tothose affected;ALNAP (The Active Learning Network for Accountability390
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies in nine areas of humanitarian action (for example,UNICEF leads on nutrition, water, and sanitation, while UNHCR is incharge of managing camps for people affected by war or disaster).At the UN ‘World Summit’ in September 2005, the organisation’s192 member governments promised <strong>to</strong> improve the timeliness andpredictability of humanitarian relief, including upgrading the UN’sexisting Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF). This wouldenable the UN system <strong>to</strong> provide a rapid response and adequatelyfund ‘neglected emergencies’, rather than waste precious weeks andmonths passing the hat round <strong>to</strong> donors.In its first year, the CERF committed $259.3m for over 331 projectsin 35 countries. This included $182.4m for rapid response and $76.9mfor underfunded emergencies. Donors duly upped their pledges <strong>to</strong>$342m for 2007. CERF funding has undoubtedly saved lives, particularlyin underfunded or ‘forgotten’ emergencies. However, even the CERFsuffers from administrative and disbursement delays both at its headquartersin New York and in the field, since funding is channelledthrough UN agencies that have done little or nothing <strong>to</strong> adapt theirown procedures – early signs that an overly cumbersome system fordisbursing funds might undermine the CERF’s effectiveness. 186In 2006 a high-level panel appointed by the UN Secretary-Generalmade some further recommendations that could improve its humanitarianresponse: UN bodies need <strong>to</strong> work <strong>to</strong>gether as a single entity inany given developing country, with a single boss, budget, and office;funding for UN operations, both <strong>to</strong> promote development and <strong>to</strong>react <strong>to</strong> short-term emergencies, needs <strong>to</strong> be more predictable andlong-term; the UN needs a single, <strong>power</strong>ful voice on women (it currentlyhas three separate entities); and it needs <strong>to</strong> pay more attention <strong>to</strong>environmental and sustainability issues. 187For their part, in 2003 donor governments set up the GoodHumanitarian Donorship initiative <strong>to</strong> identify and promulgate bestpractices. This is based on 23 principles, including increasing thetimeliness of aid and providing aid according <strong>to</strong> need. 188 InternationalNGOs have also set up a series of learning and accountability projects,most sporting the inevitable acronyms. HAP (The HumanitarianAccountability Partnership) looks at downwards accountability <strong>to</strong>those affected;ALNAP (The Active Learning Network for Accountability390