From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec

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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL ROOTS OF DEVELOPMENTNevertheless, activism alone is not enough. Of all the institutionsthat exercise power over people’s lives, it is the state that is capable ofchannelling the power of individual initiative and the market towardlong-term development goals.In the interaction between states and citizens lie the seeds ofdevelopmental success and failure. That interaction includes both theformal politics of elections, parliamentary debate, and party activism,and the wider engagement of active citizenship.Development is seldom peaceful. When a country transformsitself, social and economic structures change rapidly, new classes areborn, and new wealth is accumulated at historically unprecedentedrates. Losers and winners in this upheaval often come to blows. It tookcenturies for this social and economic transformation to manifestitself in today’s industrialised countries, yet in developing countries ashock of a similar magnitude has been telescoped into a period ofdecades. 4In some countries, this process of ‘creative destruction’ has led toa viable and dynamic capitalism. In others, it has led to ‘spoils politics’– the theft of resources by unproductive classes – and a descent intoanarchy. The nature and political evolution of the state is crucial indetermining which path a country follows.Effective, accountable states are essential for development. Statesensure health, education, water, and sanitation for all; they guaranteesecurity, the rule of law, and social and economic stability; and theyregulate, develop, and upgrade the economy. There are no short cuts,either through the private sector or social movements, although thesetoo play a crucial role.A central challenge for development is thus how to build states thatare both effective and accountable, able to tackle poverty and inequalityin all their forms (not just income), and ensure the respect for rightsthat allows active citizenship to flourish. Effectives states are critical inreducing vulnerability to shocks and enabling poor people andcommunities to benefit from the market, as will be discussed elsewhere.However murky their origins, modern-day states are duty-boundby international law to uphold people’s rights, and are increasinglyevolving into this role under pressure from citizens’ movements and21
FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe international community. For this reason, politics writ large –the interface of citizens and states – is the focus of this part of thebook, which examines the challenges of political action, as well asevidence of progress towards ever greater freedom.22
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Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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I VOTE, THEREFORE I AMWhether in Fl
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I VOTE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS FROM POVERTY T
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PART THREEAn economics for the twen
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST
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LIVING OFF THE LANDThe smoky, cold
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH LIVING OFF THE
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH PRIVATE SECTOR
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GOING FOR GROWTHFifty years ago, Ko
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
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SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
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PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
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SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEwil
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEinc
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
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HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
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THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
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CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
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THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEn
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADING2
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGC
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THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEMA few y
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTABLE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIt is
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe a
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTHE Q
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDplann
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDreduc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcan s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDgover
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDHOW C
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn su
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL G
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PART SIX
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6 CONCLUSION A NEW DEAL FOR A NEW C
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ANNEX
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSmeetings, s
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTHE COMPONE
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSinstitution
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSOrganisatio
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSthe planned
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTechnologic
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NOTESPART 1: INTRODUCTION1 The infa
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NOTESPART 2: POWER AND POLITICS1 J.
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NOTES82 J. Beall and S. Fox (2006)
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NOTES5 There has, however, been inc
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NOTES73 See also DFID (2005) ‘Gro
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NOTES139 Author interview, December
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NOTES10 Sources for Figure 4.2: Chi
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NOTES63 WHO (2006) ‘Cumulative Nu
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NOTES124 K. Annan (2005) ‘In Larg
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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up betwe
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NOTES66 H.-J. Chang (2001) ‘Insti
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NOTES138 Information gathered from
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NOTES192 United Nations (2005) ‘W
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NOTES234 In the UK, for example, th
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BIBLIOGRAPHYArcand, J.L. (2004) in
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCastillo, G. and M. Bro
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCozijnsen, J., D. Dudek
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BIBLIOGRAPHYFerreira, F.H.G., P.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGreen, D. (2003) Silent
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BIBLIOGRAPHYInternational Food Poli
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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiu, J. and J. Diamond
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BIBLIOGRAPHYODI (undated) ‘Inequa
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BIBLIOGRAPHYOxfam International (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHYSachs, J. (2005) The En
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BIBLIOGRAPHYUN (2007) ‘The Millen
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BIBLIOGRAPHYWHO (2006) World Health
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIEST
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIESR
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GLOSSARYCarbon tradingComparativead
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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of
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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogram
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INDEXAfrican Union (AU) 241, 294, 3
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INDEX414-17, 421; as change agent 4
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INDEXeffective states:active citize
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INDEX312, 313; fisheries policies 1
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INDEXcountries 358, 363-4, 366, 378
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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334
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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions
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INDEX‘licence to operate’ 341-2
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‘In telling us what can be achiev
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