From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDthe same scale, INGOs are also raising and spending much more thanever before.Politically, the rise of new donors enhances the bargaining powerof poor countries and thus their ability to avoid damaging conditions.At the same time it undercuts the often overstated clout of donors topressure for human rights and governance reforms. In addition, aswill be explored below, it vastly complicates the picture regarding aidaccountability.TABLE 5.2: THREE GRAND NARRATIVES ON AID:SACHS, EASTERLY, AND COLLIER COMPAREDThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)Core argument: diagnosisAn aid optimist: extremepoverty can be eradicatedwithin a generation.Poverty trap: povertyitself leads to underinvestmentin basicservices, which depletespoor people’s capital stockand leads to deeperpoverty.Hostile geography:remote, landlocked, ormountainous countriesface huge additionalobstacles.The aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)An aid pessimist: aid hasfailed because it isplanned from the topdown, without accountabilitystructures andwithout feedback fromthe people served. Itcreates perverse incentives(e.g. promotionbased on how muchmoney you manage todisburse) that have littleto do with developmentor poverty reduction.In contrast with top-down‘Planners’, bottom-up‘Searchers’ find out whatlocal people want, andsupply it using marketmechanisms. Searchersnimbly adapt to localconditions, and keep thecustomer satisfied. Theyunderstand incentivesand accountability.Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)Four ‘traps’ keep a billionpeople excluded fromglobal prosperity:The Conflict Trap;The Natural ResourcesTrap (too much ratherthan too little);Being Landlocked withBad Neighbours;Bad Governance.Collier analyses fourinstruments to dealwith these:AidSecurity (i.e. militaryintervention)International laws andchartersTrade policy.359
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)Core argument: solutionsThe aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)Massive though affordableinjection of aid byrich countries.Target basic services(agriculture, education,health, water andsanitation, communication,and transport) tounlock the poverty trap.Then poor people will beable to save, invest, andprosper on their own.Sachs’ work has led tothe creation of the‘Millennium VillagesProject’, which seeks toput these ideas intopractice throughintegrated rural developmentprojects in selectedvillages across Africa.There is no ‘big idea’, butsome principles:Make aid agentsindividually accountable.Let those agents searchfor what works.Evaluate, based onfeedback from theintended beneficiariesand scientific testing.Reward success andpenalise failure.Focus on the mostdifficult environments.Accept more risk, and ahigher rate of failure.Be flexible, seize reformopportunities at an earlystage.360
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HOW ACTIVE CITIZENS AND EFFECTIVE S
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 3.1: Assessin
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LIST OF ACRONYMSFAOFDIFTAG7G8GATSGA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I BELIEVE, THE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I SURF, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS WE ORGANISE, T
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I OWN, THEREFO
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I VOTE, THEREFORE I AMWhether in Fl
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I VOTE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS FROM POVERTY T
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PART THREEAn economics for the twen
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST
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LIVING OFF THE LANDThe smoky, cold
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH LIVING OFF THE
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH PRIVATE SECTOR
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GOING FOR GROWTHFifty years ago, Ko
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
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SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
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PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
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SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEwil
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEinc
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
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HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
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THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
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CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
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THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEw
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL G
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PART SIX
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6 CONCLUSION A NEW DEAL FOR A NEW C
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ANNEX
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSmeetings, s
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTHE COMPONE
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSinstitution
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSOrganisatio
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSthe planned
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTechnologic
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NOTESPART 1: INTRODUCTION1 The infa
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NOTESPART 2: POWER AND POLITICS1 J.
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NOTES82 J. Beall and S. Fox (2006)
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NOTES5 There has, however, been inc
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NOTES73 See also DFID (2005) ‘Gro
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NOTES139 Author interview, December
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NOTES10 Sources for Figure 4.2: Chi
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NOTES63 WHO (2006) ‘Cumulative Nu
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NOTES124 K. Annan (2005) ‘In Larg
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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up betwe
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NOTES66 H.-J. Chang (2001) ‘Insti
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NOTES138 Information gathered from
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NOTES192 United Nations (2005) ‘W
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NOTES234 In the UK, for example, th
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BIBLIOGRAPHYArcand, J.L. (2004) in
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCastillo, G. and M. Bro
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCozijnsen, J., D. Dudek
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BIBLIOGRAPHYFerreira, F.H.G., P.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGreen, D. (2003) Silent
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BIBLIOGRAPHYInternational Food Poli
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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiu, J. and J. Diamond
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BIBLIOGRAPHYODI (undated) ‘Inequa
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BIBLIOGRAPHYOxfam International (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHYSachs, J. (2005) The En
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BIBLIOGRAPHYUN (2007) ‘The Millen
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BIBLIOGRAPHYWHO (2006) World Health
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIEST
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIESR
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GLOSSARYCarbon tradingComparativead
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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of
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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogram
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INDEXAfrican Union (AU) 241, 294, 3
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INDEX414-17, 421; as change agent 4
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INDEXeffective states:active citize
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INDEX312, 313; fisheries policies 1
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INDEXcountries 358, 363-4, 366, 378
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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334
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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions
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INDEX‘licence to operate’ 341-2
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‘In telling us what can be achiev
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