From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTThroughout history, societies across the world have condonedviolence to enforce inequality between men and women, and obligewomen to conform to expectations of childbearing and child rearingand household work. It is terrifyingly widespread – enough to makewomen who have not experienced it personally sufficiently scared notto take risks of their own. The UN estimates that at least one in threewomen has been physically or sexually abused at some point in herlife. 128The traditional view of marriage as a contract through whichmale-led families purchase a woman’s body and her labour powerremains current in many places. Far from being a haven in a heartlessworld, in most settings home remains the place where a woman ismost at risk of violence. In parts of Africa, South Asia, and LatinAmerica, wives are still routinely beaten to ‘correct a fault’, an act thatmany women and men view as normal. In one survey, over threequartersof Ugandan women agreed with at least one justification forwife-beating, while in Nigeria’s Zamfara state the Sharia Penal Codepermits a man to beat his wife, as long as he does not cause her to behospitalised. 129 In both developing and industrialised countries, aman’s right to have sex with his wife whenever and however he wantshas only very recently been questioned.Pervasive violence outside the home also severely restrictswomen’s participation in public life. Simply to attend an eveningmeeting, never mind speaking out publicly or running for office,entails risks that are too often prohibitive. While violence of this kinddoes not discriminate between rich and poor, wealthy women can atleast reduce the risk by paying for transport or security guards.Over the past three decades, the international women’s movementhas made great strides in lobbying states to criminalise violenceagainst women. Domestic violence laws have entered the statutebooks and the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is supposed to hold statesto account. Rape during conflict is now recognised as a war crime andcan, in principle, be prosecuted as such. While very significant, theselaws often fail to protect women. The attitudes of public officialsmay be quite hostile, women may lack the education or money tounderstand or pay for the law, and many women, particularly in rural275
FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among religious minorities, find that ‘customary’ or ‘religious’law overrules civil law in cases of domestic violence.In a number of countries, women’s legal organisations visit remoteareas to raise awareness that violence against women is a crime and toprovide legal aid to poor women. Yet even then, women must bravethe disapproval of their families or communities for blowing the whistleon these practices. Widespread changes in attitudes and beliefs thatcondone violence are critical.In South Asia, the ‘We Can’ campaign is supporting a model ofchange focused on attitudes and beliefs. We Can’s campaign to endviolence against women works through people-to-people contact anda massive network of over 1,800 civil society organisations inBangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. 130Individual ‘change makers’ sign up to the campaign, promising tochange themselves and to influence their family, friends, and neighbourson the need to end domestic violence and change attitudestowards women. They are armed with some basic materials, includingresources suitable for those unable to read, such as posters addressingeveryday forms of violent discrimination.In a process reminiscent of viral marketing, those they ‘convert’become change makers themselves. So far, just over one million peoplehave signed on. The campaign’s target is five million change makerswho will each, in turn, reach at least ten others – which the alliancehopes will be enough to achieve a critical mass that can transformpower relations in the home and attitudes towards domestic violenceacross South Asia. Surprisingly, 40 per cent of the change makers aremen, an affirmation of the campaign’s premise that real change ispossible, and perhaps that men too find their traditional gender rolesoppressive.Such deep transformation in entrenched beliefs is neither easy norrapid, and not everyone supports the changes – some men boycott themeetings and criticise the women’s assertiveness. But the men andwomen involved report enormous improvements in their family livesand a spillover effect in other areas: men’s groups have started savingsschemes, for example, and the number of girls going to schoolhas risen.276
- Page 242 and 243: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 244 and 245: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 246 and 247: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 248 and 249: HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
- Page 250 and 251: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 252 and 253: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 254 and 255: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 256 and 257: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 258 and 259: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 260 and 261: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 262 and 263: THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
- Page 264 and 265: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 266 and 267: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 268 and 269: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 270 and 271: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 272 and 273: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 274 and 275: CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
- Page 276 and 277: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 278 and 279: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 280 and 281: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 282 and 283: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 284 and 285: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 286 and 287: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
- Page 288 and 289: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
- Page 290 and 291: VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
- Page 294 and 295: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 296 and 297: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 298 and 299: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 300 and 301: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 302 and 303: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 304 and 305: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
- Page 306 and 307: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
- Page 308 and 309: PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
- Page 310 and 311: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
- Page 312 and 313: THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
- Page 314 and 315: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
- Page 316 and 317: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
- Page 318 and 319: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEw
- Page 320 and 321: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
- Page 322 and 323: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
- Page 324 and 325: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEA
- Page 326 and 327: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
- Page 328 and 329: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEB
- Page 330 and 331: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEc
- Page 332 and 333: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCE
- Page 334 and 335: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEn
- Page 336 and 337: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGB
- Page 338 and 339: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGD
- Page 340 and 341: 5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among religious minorities, find that ‘cus<strong>to</strong>mary’ or ‘religious’law overrules civil law in cases of domestic violence.In a number of countries, women’s legal organisations visit remoteareas <strong>to</strong> raise awareness that violence against women is a crime and <strong>to</strong>provide legal aid <strong>to</strong> poor women. Yet even then, women must bravethe disapproval of their families or communities for blowing the whistleon these practices. Widespread changes in attitudes and beliefs thatcondone violence are critical.In South Asia, the ‘We Can’ campaign is supporting a model ofchange focused on attitudes and beliefs. We Can’s campaign <strong>to</strong> endviolence against women works through people-<strong>to</strong>-people contact anda massive network of over 1,800 civil society organisations inBangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. 130Individual ‘change makers’ sign up <strong>to</strong> the campaign, promising <strong>to</strong>change themselves and <strong>to</strong> influence their family, friends, and neighbourson the need <strong>to</strong> end domestic violence and change attitudes<strong>to</strong>wards women. They are armed with some basic materials, includingresources suitable for those unable <strong>to</strong> read, such as posters addressingeveryday forms of violent discrimination.In a process reminiscent of viral marketing, those they ‘convert’become change makers themselves. So far, just over one million peoplehave signed on. The campaign’s target is five million change makerswho will each, in turn, reach at least ten others – which the alliancehopes will be enough <strong>to</strong> achieve a critical mass that can transform<strong>power</strong> relations in the home and attitudes <strong>to</strong>wards domestic violenceacross South Asia. Surprisingly, 40 per cent of the change makers aremen, an affirmation of the campaign’s premise that real change ispossible, and perhaps that men <strong>to</strong>o find their traditional gender rolesoppressive.Such deep transformation in entrenched beliefs is neither easy norrapid, and not everyone supports the changes – some men boycott themeetings and criticise the women’s assertiveness. But the men andwomen involved report enormous improvements in their family livesand a spillover effect in other areas: men’s groups have started savingsschemes, for example, and the number of girls going <strong>to</strong> schoolhas risen.276