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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RISKSTAC was astute in building broad alliances both within and outsidegovernment, and at local, national, and international levels.The campaign showed a remarkable tolerance for difference,even working with the Catholic Church despite disagreementover the use of condoms. By not denouncing the ANC government(unlike many other social movements), TAC managed tofind and cultivate allies within the party who eventually becameinstrumental in changing government policy.Since its campaign did not threaten major political or economicinterests (other than the foreign drug companies), it was probablymore suited to an insider–outsider-type strategy than issuessuch as land reform or the fall of apartheid itself. As an organisationof HIV-positive people, TAC also empowered its members tobecome their own most effective advocates, running ‘treatmentliteracy’ campaigns that provided the basis for both self-help andsocial mobilisation.Despite TAC’s enormous success in influencing public opinion,President Mbeki remained defiant, giving full support to HealthMinister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who had earned thenickname ‘Dr. Beetroot’ for her repeated assertions thatgarlic, beetroot, and better nutrition offered better prospects fortreating AIDS than ARVs.Only in 2006, when the battle over who would succeed Mbekibegan in earnest, did the façade of party unity begin to crack.Mbeki’s position on HIV and AIDS became a lightning rod in theleadership contest. TAC’s protests at the 16 th International AIDSConference in Toronto in August that year helped escalate theinternational public humiliation of the ANC at the hands of UNofficials and the media.By late 2006, a change of policy on ARVs was essential for theANC leadership to regain its authority. As it looked for a facesavingexit, the Health Minister’s (non HIV-related) sickness andtemporary departure from office allowed the government to backdown with good grace, finally acknowledging the scale of theproblem and agreeing to do more, working with civil society andrestructuring the South African National Aids Council.Deputy Health Minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, a sharpcritic of the government’s policies, acknowledged the role thatTAC played. ‘Activism’, she said, ‘did change policy and forceCASE STUDY243
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to alter course – partly by strengthening differentvoices in government.’ And one study concluded: ‘The AIDScampaign, which has been far more concerned to use theinstruments offered by constitutional democracy than any otherattempt to win change in post-apartheid South Africa, has alsobeen far more successful than its counterparts in winningchange.’Sources: Steven Friedman (undated), ‘The Extraordinary “Ordinary”: The Campaign forComprehensive AIDS treatment in South Africa’; author interview with Mark Heywood,TAC, July 2007.CASE STUDY244
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HOW ACTIVE CITIZENS AND EFFECTIVE S
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 3.1: Assessin
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LIST OF ACRONYMSFAOFDIFTAG7G8GATSGA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I BELIEVE, THE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I SURF, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS WE ORGANISE, T
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I OWN, THEREFO
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I VOTE, THEREFORE I AMWhether in Fl
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I VOTE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS FROM POVERTY T
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PART THREEAn economics for the twen
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST
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LIVING OFF THE LANDThe smoky, cold
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH LIVING OFF THE
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH PRIVATE SECTOR
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GOING FOR GROWTHFifty years ago, Ko
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
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Page 210 and 211: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
Page 212 and 213: SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
Page 214 and 215: PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
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Page 224 and 225: SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
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Page 242 and 243: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
Page 248 and 249: HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
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Page 262 and 263: THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
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Page 274 and 275: CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
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Page 290 and 291: VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
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Page 304 and 305: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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Page 308 and 309: PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
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THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEw
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEn
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGD
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGH
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGM
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADING2
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGF
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGG
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGd
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGC
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THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEMA few y
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTABLE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIt is
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDthe s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe a
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTHE Q
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDplann
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDreduc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcan s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDgover
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe g
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn fo
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcount
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDHOW C
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn su
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL G
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PART SIX
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6 CONCLUSION A NEW DEAL FOR A NEW C
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ANNEX
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSmeetings, s
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTHE COMPONE
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSinstitution
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSOrganisatio
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSthe planned
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTechnologic
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NOTESPART 1: INTRODUCTION1 The infa
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NOTESPART 2: POWER AND POLITICS1 J.
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NOTES82 J. Beall and S. Fox (2006)
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NOTES5 There has, however, been inc
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NOTES73 See also DFID (2005) ‘Gro
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NOTES139 Author interview, December
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NOTES10 Sources for Figure 4.2: Chi
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NOTES63 WHO (2006) ‘Cumulative Nu
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NOTES124 K. Annan (2005) ‘In Larg
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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up betwe
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NOTES66 H.-J. Chang (2001) ‘Insti
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NOTES138 Information gathered from
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NOTES192 United Nations (2005) ‘W
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NOTES234 In the UK, for example, th
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BIBLIOGRAPHYArcand, J.L. (2004) in
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCastillo, G. and M. Bro
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCozijnsen, J., D. Dudek
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BIBLIOGRAPHYFerreira, F.H.G., P.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGreen, D. (2003) Silent
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BIBLIOGRAPHYInternational Food Poli
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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiu, J. and J. Diamond
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BIBLIOGRAPHYODI (undated) ‘Inequa
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BIBLIOGRAPHYOxfam International (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHYSachs, J. (2005) The En
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BIBLIOGRAPHYUN (2007) ‘The Millen
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BIBLIOGRAPHYWHO (2006) World Health
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIEST
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIESR
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GLOSSARYCarbon tradingComparativead
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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of
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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogram
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INDEXAfrican Union (AU) 241, 294, 3
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INDEX414-17, 421; as change agent 4
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INDEXeffective states:active citize
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INDEX312, 313; fisheries policies 1
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INDEXcountries 358, 363-4, 366, 378
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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334
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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions
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INDEX‘licence to operate’ 341-2
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‘In telling us what can be achiev
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