From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RISKScollaboration, dedicated to attracting and disbursing funds to fightthe three diseases, is discussed in more detail in Part 5.AIDS is unlikely to remain the only major pandemic of our lifetimes.Already, tuberculosis is a neglected disease that killed 1.6 millionpeople in 2005, 195,000 of them people living with HIV. 62 With theadvent of multi-drug-resistant TB, tackling the disease has becomeharder than it was 60 years ago. Avian flu, which emerged in South-East Asia in 2003, is currently the most likely candidate to join it. As ofJanuary 2008, 353 cases had been reported worldwide, with 227deaths, 63 and if the rapidly mutating virus acquires the ability to passdirectly from human to human, statistical analyses project a deathcount of 62 million, based on the 1918 influenza pandemic. Ninetysixper cent of deaths are forecast to be in the developing world. 64Viruses respect no borders, and tackling pandemics requiresco-ordinated international action. In health, this has achieved somespectacular successes, such as the eradication of smallpox and thecontrol of the SARS outbreak of 2003 (see Box 4.3).BOX 4.3SARS: WHAT GLOBAL COLLABORATION CAN ACHIEVEThere is a startling contrast between the prompt and effectiveglobal response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),and the years of neglect over HIV and AIDS. The World HealthOrganization’s Global Alert Response system is a surveillancesystem that continually tracks the outbreak of emergingpotential health epidemics around the world. SARS was onesuch threat, first identified on 12 March 2003.Unprecedented global collaboration was the key to thecontainment of this deadly new disease. Initially, internationaland national teams on the ground provided information on it,which was quickly disseminated globally, allowing rapididentification of imported cases and thus the containment ofthe outbreak. WHO went onto something approaching a warfooting, receiving daily updates on the situation in countries withoutbreaks and demanding the immediate reporting of casesdetected in all other countries. Operational teams provided237
FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice to countries on SARS surveillance, preparedness,and response measures.As a direct result of this global collaboration, the cause of SARSwas identified and the disease was rapidly isolated and treated.By the beginning of July 2003, just four months after the firstcase was identified, the human-to-human transmission of SARSappeared to have been broken everywhere in the world. Althoughsome 800 people had died, a global pandemic had been contained.Source: World Health Organization (2003) ‘The Operational Response to SARS’,www.who.int/csr/sars/goarn2003_4_16/en/print.htmlCHRONIC VULNERABILITY AND HEALTHPoor health is both a disaster in itself and has damaging knock-oneffects. It reduces people’s earnings potential, often forcing them intodebt, increases the burden on other family members, including children,and transmits deprivation down the generations. The sudden illnessof a family member is one of the most common reasons why a familytips over the edge into a cycle of poverty and debt. Chronic illnessessuch as HIV constitute a continuing drain on the household, increasingthe workload of women and sometimes pushing them into activitiesthat increase the risk of further illness, whether through sex work orthe physical toll of excessive hours working in unsafe or unhygienicconditions.Because of their socialised role as caregivers, women are mostactive in struggles for better health care.Women are also more likely tocontract diseases such as malaria, TB, and HIV. 65 They are usually thelast in the family to access health care, especially if it has to be paid for– a sign both of their lack of economic power and of prevalentattitudes towards women in many cultures.There is no starker condemnation of the failure to guaranteewomen’s right to health than the lack of progress in reducing ‘maternalmortality’ – the anodyne term for women who die in pregnancy orchildbirth. Worldwide, over 500,000 women die each year frompregnancy-related causes – one woman every minute – but that figureconceals extreme inequalities. A woman’s risk of dying ranges from238
- Page 204 and 205: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
- Page 206 and 207: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
- Page 208 and 209: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
- Page 210 and 211: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
- Page 212 and 213: SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
- Page 214 and 215: PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
- Page 216 and 217: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
- Page 218 and 219: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
- Page 220 and 221: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
- Page 222 and 223: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
- Page 224 and 225: SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
- Page 226 and 227: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 228 and 229: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 230 and 231: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 232 and 233: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 234 and 235: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 236 and 237: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
- Page 238 and 239: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEwil
- Page 240 and 241: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEinc
- Page 242 and 243: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 244 and 245: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 246 and 247: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
- Page 248 and 249: HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
- Page 250 and 251: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 252 and 253: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 256 and 257: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 258 and 259: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 260 and 261: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
- Page 262 and 263: THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
- Page 264 and 265: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 266 and 267: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 268 and 269: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 270 and 271: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 272 and 273: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
- Page 274 and 275: CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
- Page 276 and 277: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 278 and 279: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 280 and 281: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 282 and 283: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 284 and 285: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
- Page 286 and 287: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
- Page 288 and 289: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
- Page 290 and 291: VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
- Page 292 and 293: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 294 and 295: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 296 and 297: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 298 and 299: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 300 and 301: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
- Page 302 and 303: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice <strong>to</strong> countries on SARS surveillance, preparedness,and response measures.As a direct result of this global collaboration, the cause of SARSwas identified and the disease was rapidly isolated and treated.By the beginning of July 2003, just four months after the firstcase was identified, the human-<strong>to</strong>-human transmission of SARSappeared <strong>to</strong> have been broken everywhere in the world. Althoughsome 800 people had died, a global pandemic had been contained.Source: World Health Organization (2003) ‘The Operational Response <strong>to</strong> SARS’,www.who.int/csr/sars/goarn2003_4_16/en/print.htmlCHRONIC VULNERABILITY AND HEALTHPoor health is both a disaster in itself and has damaging knock-oneffects. It reduces people’s earnings potential, often forcing them in<strong>to</strong>debt, increases the burden on other family members, including children,and transmits deprivation down the generations. The sudden illnessof a family member is one of the most common reasons why a familytips over the edge in<strong>to</strong> a cycle of <strong>poverty</strong> and debt. Chronic illnessessuch as HIV constitute a continuing drain on the household, increasingthe workload of women and sometimes pushing them in<strong>to</strong> activitiesthat increase the risk of further illness, whether through sex work orthe physical <strong>to</strong>ll of excessive hours working in unsafe or unhygienicconditions.Because of their socialised role as caregivers, women are mostactive in struggles for better health care.Women are also more likely <strong>to</strong>contract diseases such as malaria, TB, and HIV. 65 They are usually thelast in the family <strong>to</strong> access health care, especially if it has <strong>to</strong> be paid for– a sign both of their lack of economic <strong>power</strong> and of prevalentattitudes <strong>to</strong>wards women in many cultures.There is no starker condemnation of the failure <strong>to</strong> guaranteewomen’s right <strong>to</strong> health than the lack of progress in reducing ‘maternalmortality’ – the anodyne term for women who die in pregnancy orchildbirth. Worldwide, over 500,000 women die each year frompregnancy-related causes – one woman every minute – but that figureconceals extreme inequalities. A woman’s risk of dying ranges from238