From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEwill be forced to rent them at extortionate rates. The same goes for arickshaw driver without his own rickshaw or a seamstress without herown sewing machine. A family without a secure place to hold savingsmay store its wealth in much riskier investments such as livestock.Since the early 1970s a number of non-profit microfinanceorganisations have stepped into this gap, led by the most famous,Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank, whose founder Muhammad Yunus wasawarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. The growth of microfinanceinstitutions has been spectacular, with the total number of borrowersrising from 13.5 million in 1997 to 113.3 million in 2004, of whomtwo-thirds were people living on less than $1 a day. The vast majorityof these people are in Asia, where over one-third of poor families haveaccess to microfinance. 27Although microfinance is generally equated with micro-credit(small loans), in many cases the availability of well-designed, safe, andaccessible savings products for poor people is just as important – if notmore so – in reducing poverty. The very poorest people are oftenunwilling to take the risk of a micro-credit loan, but are keen to savesmall amounts to reduce future vulnerability. Savings groups of 20 orso individuals provide one effective approach, lending to individualmembers of the group, with the interest going back to the group fundas well as the savings account of each member.A revolving savings andloan scheme of this type can earn members 20–40 per cent a year ontheir savings, as well as providing the benefits of a micro-creditscheme to those who take out loans. 28Other providers are developing ‘micro-insurance’ along the linesof micro-credit, charging from as little as 50 cents to insure anythingfrom television sets to burial costs. In India, the largest comprehensivecontributory social security scheme for informal economy workers isthe Integrated Social Security Programme set up by the Self EmployedWomen’s Association (SEWA) (see Part 3, page 162). SEWA’s programmeinsures more than 100,000 women workers and covers health insurance(including a maternity component), life insurance, and asset insurance. 29Micro-insurance providers often forego traditional documentationrequirements, sometimes selling life insurance to people who do notknow their date of birth. As with micro-credit, micro-insurance isincreasingly moving into the mainstream, attracting big players such221
FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insurance multinational AIG. Insurance markets are saturatedin many rich countries and growth prospects are limited, so insurancecompanies are looking for long-term growth in emerging markets.More than four out of every five microfinance customers arewomen, often female heads of households, or elderly women, andusually grouped together into groups of three to six, who collectivelyguarantee loans. With loans, the result has been astonishingly highrepayment rates – Grameen claims that over 98 per cent of its loans arerepaid – making microfinance both self-sustaining and profitable.Although typically loans are in the order of $100, some are muchsmaller: Grameen Bank’s interest-free loans for urban beggars average$9, and include credit lines with local shops that allow items to bebought for resale, allowing beggars to upgrade to become street-sellers.The growing commercial interest in such ‘bottom-of-the-pyramid’ 30markets has seen the entrance of a number of large commercial banks,often in partnership with existing microfinance organisations, andthis has greatly increased the numbers of poor women with access tocredit and savings. The first private multinational microfinance bankis Procredit, founded in 1996 and backed by investment from theInternational Finance Corporation (IFC), the commercial arm of theWorld Bank. 31 Procredit has set up banks in 22 countries and has takenover institutions in four others.By 2008 it had 17,000 employees,€4.1bn($6bn) in assets, and an investment grade rating that allows it to raisemoney in the German bond market.Long-established commercial banks, such as Citigroup andStandard Chartered, are also getting in on the act, as are domesticbanks such as Indonesia’s Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The muchemulatedBRI converted itself in the 1970s from a failing state bankinto a microfinance institution and became one of the most profitablebanks in the country, with 32 million depositors and three millionborrowers. Still 70 per cent state-owned, BRI shows what effectivestate action can achieve in reducing vulnerability.Since as many as three billion people worldwide still do not haveaccess to financial services, there is plenty of room for expansion. InLatin America, the entry of commercial banks appears to have freedup microfinance NGOs to go in search of even poorer people, andtheir average loan sizes have shrunk. 32 New trends in microfinance222
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insurance multinational AIG. Insurance markets are saturatedin many rich countries and growth prospects are limited, so insurancecompanies are looking for long-term growth in emerging markets.More than four out of every five microfinance cus<strong>to</strong>mers arewomen, often female heads of households, or elderly women, andusually grouped <strong>to</strong>gether in<strong>to</strong> groups of three <strong>to</strong> six, who collectivelyguarantee loans. With loans, the result has been as<strong>to</strong>nishingly highrepayment rates – Grameen claims that over 98 per cent of its loans arerepaid – making microfinance both self-sustaining and profitable.Although typically loans are in the order of $100, some are muchsmaller: Grameen Bank’s interest-free loans for urban beggars average$9, and include credit lines with local shops that allow items <strong>to</strong> bebought for resale, allowing beggars <strong>to</strong> upgrade <strong>to</strong> become street-sellers.The growing commercial interest in such ‘bot<strong>to</strong>m-of-the-pyramid’ 30markets has seen the entrance of a number of large commercial banks,often in partnership with existing microfinance organisations, andthis has greatly increased the numbers of poor women with access <strong>to</strong>credit and savings. The first private multinational microfinance bankis Procredit, founded in 1996 and backed by investment from theInternational Finance Corporation (IFC), the commercial arm of theWorld Bank. 31 Procredit has set up banks in 22 countries and has takenover institutions in four others.By 2008 it had 17,000 employees,€4.1bn($6bn) in assets, and an investment grade rating that allows it <strong>to</strong> raisemoney in the German bond market.Long-established commercial banks, such as Citigroup andStandard Chartered, are also getting in on the act, as are domesticbanks such as Indonesia’s Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). The muchemulatedBRI converted itself in the 1970s from a failing state bankin<strong>to</strong> a microfinance institution and became one of the most profitablebanks in the country, with 32 million deposi<strong>to</strong>rs and three millionborrowers. Still 70 per cent state-owned, BRI shows what effectivestate action can achieve in reducing vulnerability.Since as many as three billion people worldwide still do not haveaccess <strong>to</strong> financial services, there is plenty of room for expansion. InLatin America, the entry of commercial banks appears <strong>to</strong> have freedup microfinance NGOs <strong>to</strong> go in search of even poorer people, andtheir average loan sizes have shrunk. 32 New trends in microfinance222