From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec

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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PROTECTIONpermitted wage rates of Rs 60 per day (about $1.50), lower thanthe national floor wage of Rs 66, but still higher than some stateminimums.Passed unanimously, the final text was a compromise – but onewith great potential, thanks to civil society’s effective combinationof public campaigning and a determined political lobby.Sources: I. MacAuslan (2007) ‘India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: A CaseStudy for How Change Happens’, paper for Oxfam International; www.righttofoodindia.org;www.nrega.nic.in; N. Dey, J. Drèze, and R. Khera (2006) Employment Guarantee Act:A Primer, New Delhi: National Book Trust; C. Gonsalves, P.R. Kumar, and A.R. Srivastava(eds) (2005) ‘Right to Food’, New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network.CASE STUDY219
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VULNERABILITYSaving for a rainy day and borrowing when hard times strike havealways been strategies used by people living in poverty to reduce theirvulnerability to shocks. In recent years, the failure of financial systemsto meet the needs of poor communities in many countries has led tothe creation of a new phenomenon, microfinance, which was drivenfirst by civil society organisations and ‘social entrepreneurs’ and isincreasingly being picked up by mainstream financial institutions andthe state.Access to credit is critical to any business, however small, whilebeing able to save and borrow enables poor people to smooth outthe sudden peaks and troughs in their income and expenditurethat can inflict short-term hardship on a family, such as job loss,sickness, funerals, or weddings. However, conventional financialmarkets systematically exclude many poor people. Banks rarely havebranches where poor people live, they require onerous collateral ordeposits, or they will not deal in small loan amounts. Gender or ethnicbias frequently has a large part to play. This financial exclusion wasexacerbated by the structural adjustment programmes in the 1980sand 1990s, which shut down or privatised state-owned banks, includingso-called ‘development banks’ which had offered subsidised loans tofarmers and others.Poor people’s needs are often tiny in financial terms,but are critical totheir well-being. A shoe-shiner who cannot afford to buy his brushes220
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HOW ACTIVE CITIZENS AND EFFECTIVE S
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 3.1: Assessin
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LIST OF ACRONYMSFAOFDIFTAG7G8GATSGA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I BELIEVE, THE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I SURF, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS WE ORGANISE, T
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I OWN, THEREFO
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I VOTE, THEREFORE I AMWhether in Fl
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I VOTE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I STEAL, THERE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS FROM POVERTY T
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PART THREEAn economics for the twen
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST
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LIVING OFF THE LANDThe smoky, cold
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH LIVING OFF THE
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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Page 186 and 187: 3 POVERTY AND WEALTH PRIVATE SECTOR
Page 196 and 197: GOING FOR GROWTHFifty years ago, Ko
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Page 212 and 213: SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
Page 214 and 215: PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
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Page 224 and 225: SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
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Page 242 and 243: 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
Page 248 and 249: HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
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Page 262 and 263: THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
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Page 274 and 275: CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
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THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEw
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEn
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGD
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGH
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGM
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADING2
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGF
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGG
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGd
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGC
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THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEMA few y
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTABLE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIt is
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDthe s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe a
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTHE Q
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDplann
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDreduc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcan s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDgover
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe g
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn fo
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcount
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDHOW C
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn su
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL G
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PART SIX
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6 CONCLUSION A NEW DEAL FOR A NEW C
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ANNEX
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSmeetings, s
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTHE COMPONE
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSinstitution
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSOrganisatio
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSthe planned
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTechnologic
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NOTESPART 1: INTRODUCTION1 The infa
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NOTESPART 2: POWER AND POLITICS1 J.
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NOTES82 J. Beall and S. Fox (2006)
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NOTES5 There has, however, been inc
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NOTES73 See also DFID (2005) ‘Gro
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NOTES139 Author interview, December
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NOTES10 Sources for Figure 4.2: Chi
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NOTES63 WHO (2006) ‘Cumulative Nu
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NOTES124 K. Annan (2005) ‘In Larg
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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up betwe
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NOTES66 H.-J. Chang (2001) ‘Insti
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NOTES138 Information gathered from
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NOTES192 United Nations (2005) ‘W
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NOTES234 In the UK, for example, th
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BIBLIOGRAPHYArcand, J.L. (2004) in
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCastillo, G. and M. Bro
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCozijnsen, J., D. Dudek
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BIBLIOGRAPHYFerreira, F.H.G., P.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGreen, D. (2003) Silent
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BIBLIOGRAPHYInternational Food Poli
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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiu, J. and J. Diamond
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BIBLIOGRAPHYODI (undated) ‘Inequa
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BIBLIOGRAPHYOxfam International (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHYSachs, J. (2005) The En
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BIBLIOGRAPHYUN (2007) ‘The Millen
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BIBLIOGRAPHYWHO (2006) World Health
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIEST
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIESR
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GLOSSARYCarbon tradingComparativead
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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of
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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogram
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INDEXAfrican Union (AU) 241, 294, 3
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INDEX414-17, 421; as change agent 4
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INDEXeffective states:active citize
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INDEX312, 313; fisheries policies 1
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INDEXcountries 358, 363-4, 366, 378
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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334
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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions
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INDEX‘licence to operate’ 341-2
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‘In telling us what can be achiev
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