From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec
4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WITH RISKWhether in cities or rural areas, in normal times juggling risk is a largepart of what it means to be poor. Families are adept at diversifyingtheir dependence: in rural areas, they send young adults off to work inthe city, grow multiple crops in different areas, sell and buy livestock tosmooth their income, or collect and sell wild products. In the cities,they hustle a living in the informal economy, working as street vendors,maids, in construction, or recycling rubbish.If these strategies fail, they resort to more drastic measures that ineffect mortgage the future, pulling children out of school, eating fewermeals, or selling off vital assets, even when this reduces future earningpower. This happens regularly in ‘peace time’ but is more widespreadwhen a shock hits a whole community, so that households find itharder to borrow from or support each other or otherwise cope, andlocal authorities are overwhelmed with the demand for help. At somepoint, vulnerability can tip over into a downward spiral of hunger,weakness, distress sales, destitution, and even death.Although vulnerability is conceptually similar to poverty, it focusesmore attention on relationships. It provides an X-ray of the power,connections, and exclusion that run through society. When disasterstrikes, you find out who your friends are: social ties and relationshipswith other families and patrons render even very poor households lessvulnerable than, for example, wealthier migrant households with noties in the community or claims on patronage. The most vulnerablepeople of all are the marginalised groups who constitute the ‘chronicpoor’: ethnic minorities, women heads of households, elderly people,and those who are sick or disabled.HUMAN SECURITYThe opposite of vulnerability is security. Broadly speaking, rich andpowerful people and communities lead more secure lives. As oneresident of Ha Tinh, Viet Nam explains, ‘The wealthy can recover lossesin one year, but the poor, who have no money, will never recover.’ 7Correcting that disparity is central to tackling poverty and inequality.To reduce the threat of shocks, individuals and governments mustseek to enhance people’s security: not the militarised version ofsecurity that has dominated public debate in recent years, but a more203
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive human version, taking the insecure and anxietyriddenexperience of living in poverty as its starting point.Guaranteeing security in this way strengthens poor people’s ability towithstand shocks and increases their chances of emerging frompoverty, and not falling back.The human security approach, first put forward in the UN’s 1994Human Development Report, 8 unites emergency response and developmentin a single framework, based on three propositions:• People vulnerable to shocks are agents of their own destiny,with a series of rights that need to be fulfilled.• Governments and international bodies are bound to addressthe full range of risks and vulnerabilities that affect peopleliving in poverty.• Social, political, and economic stability, generally ignored ordownplayed in debates on poverty reduction, equity, andgrowth, is fundamental for reducing risk.Like ‘sustainable development’, many governments have devalued theidea of human security by paying lip service to the concept whileignoring its profound implications. The approach challenges governmentsand international bodies to build from the bottom up,supportingand complementing citizens’ own efforts to reduce their vulnerabilityand protect themselves from risk, and to provide protection inaccordance with international humanitarian and human rights law.Vulnerable people are far from passive and are constantly seekingways to prepare for and cope with the daily risks that surround them,including by building assertive organisations that can manage riskdirectly and press for public policies that reduce risk. Governmentscan support such empowerment, importantly by ensuring access tohealth, education, livelihoods, and information, so that more poorwomen and men have the skills and knowledge required to addressrisk as active citizens. This theme is explored in more detail in Part 2.Governments and international bodies must also protect poor andvulnerable people by guaranteeing their rights both in normal timesand in times of crisis, for example by ensuring that they are not prey toviolence, deprivation, or coercion. They should also act to reduce thelikelihood of shocks and to mitigate their impact. Human security204
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WITH RISKWhether in cities or rural areas, in normal times juggling risk is a largepart of what it means <strong>to</strong> be poor. Families are adept at diversifyingtheir dependence: in rural areas, they send young adults off <strong>to</strong> work inthe city, grow multiple crops in different areas, sell and buy lives<strong>to</strong>ck <strong>to</strong>smooth their income, or collect and sell wild products. In the cities,they hustle a living in the informal economy, working as street vendors,maids, in construction, or recycling rubbish.If these strategies fail, they resort <strong>to</strong> more drastic measures that ineffect mortgage the future, pulling children out of school, eating fewermeals, or selling off vital assets, even when this reduces future earning<strong>power</strong>. This happens regularly in ‘peace time’ but is more widespreadwhen a shock hits a whole community, so that households find itharder <strong>to</strong> borrow from or support each other or otherwise cope, andlocal authorities are overwhelmed with the demand for help. At somepoint, vulnerability can tip over in<strong>to</strong> a downward spiral of hunger,weakness, distress sales, destitution, and even death.Although vulnerability is conceptually similar <strong>to</strong> <strong>poverty</strong>, it focusesmore attention on relationships. It provides an X-ray of the <strong>power</strong>,connections, and exclusion that run through society. When disasterstrikes, you find out who your friends are: social ties and relationshipswith other families and patrons render even very poor households lessvulnerable than, for example, wealthier migrant households with noties in the community or claims on patronage. The most vulnerablepeople of all are the marginalised groups who constitute the ‘chronicpoor’: ethnic minorities, women heads of households, elderly people,and those who are sick or disabled.HUMAN SECURITYThe opposite of vulnerability is security. Broadly speaking, rich and<strong>power</strong>ful people and communities lead more secure lives. As oneresident of Ha Tinh, Viet Nam explains, ‘The wealthy can recover lossesin one year, but the poor, who have no money, will never recover.’ 7Correcting that disparity is central <strong>to</strong> tackling <strong>poverty</strong> and inequality.To reduce the threat of shocks, individuals and governments mustseek <strong>to</strong> enhance people’s security: not the militarised version ofsecurity that has dominated public debate in recent years, but a more203