From poverty to power - Oxfam-Québec

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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ECONOMICSThe global ecosystem simply cannot sustain additional billions ofpeople all trying to live like wealthy Americans, even if they subsequentlymove on to a less resource-intensive, post-industrial lifestyle.According to an estimate by the UN’s Human Development Report,ifall of the world’s people generated greenhouse gases at the same rateas Canada or the USA, we would need nine planets to absorb theimpact. 18Added urgency comes from improved understanding of the nonlinearnature of environmental change. Environmental processes arerife with thresholds, or ‘tipping points’. When thresholds are crossed,environmental change can become catastrophic and even irreversible.Cod stocks in the Grand Banks off Canada still show few signs ofrecovering more than 15 years after their sudden collapse and theclosure of the fishery in 1992. Scientists now believe that a 2°C riseabove pre-industrial levels in average global surface temperatures isthe threshold at which dangerous effects on geophysical and biologicalsystems would become likely (see Part 4).Changing the model of development is a huge task, not leastbecause any new paradigm must avoid ‘kicking away the ladder’ fromcountries and communities still struggling to emerge from poverty. Itis both politically and morally untenable to say ‘the Indians must nothave fridges and cars’ when rich countries have them in abundance.Instead, a balance must be found that reduces the environmentalintensity of rich economies, guarantees fairer access to the world’sresources between rich and poor, and preserves the environment.The good news is that sustainability has become, within a fewdecades, one of the burning issues of the age, high on the agendas ofworld leaders and publics alike. But the politics are daunting. Thepowerful actors who run the economy – corporations, investors, andgovernments – must be convinced to act in concert and, in manycases, against their own short-term self-interest.ASSESSING DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACTSAs employed by policy makers, both neoclassical and Keynesianeconomics fail to take non-monetary aspects of development andwell-being into account. By incorporating unpaid labour, damage tonature, and other essential elements, conventional economic analysis115
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broadened to address the much wider range of impacts thatpolicies and institutions have on people and on development. Thereare at least eight core areas to be considered (shown in Figure 3.1):Orthodox economic activity: growth, return on investment, pricestability;Income poverty: wages, government transfers;Environmental sustainability: land (forests, soil), water, air (marineand freshwater systems), climate change;Equity: horizontal (ethnic, geographical), vertical (income, assets),gender;Social sustainability: caring, child rearing, household;Vulnerability: to individual or collective shocks;State effectiveness: human capital formation, tax revenue,administrative capacity;Rights and citizenship: civil, political, economic, cultural.FIGURE 3.1: ASSESSING DEVELOPMENTAL IMPACTSAdministrativecapacityTax revenueHuman capitalformationCivilPoliticalEconomicRIGHTS ANDCITIZENSHIPSTATEEFFECTIVENESSGrowthReturn oninvestmentORTHODOXECONOMICACTIVITYINCOME POVERTYPrice stabilityWagesGovernmenttransfersCulturalCollectiveshocksVULNERABILITYENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYForestsSoilIndividualshocksHouseholdSOCIALSUSTAINABILITYChild rearingCaringEQUITYGenderVerticalHorizontalAirWaterClimate change116
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HOW ACTIVE CITIZENS AND EFFECTIVE S
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 3.1: Assessin
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LIST OF ACRONYMSFAOFDIFTAG7G8GATSGA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I BELIEVE, THE
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I SURF, THEREF
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2 POWER AND POLITICS WE ORGANISE, T
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Page 124 and 125: PART THREEAn economics for the twen
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Page 136 and 137: LIVING OFF THE LANDThe smoky, cold
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING W
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH PRIVATE SECTOR
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GOING FOR GROWTHFifty years ago, Ko
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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROW
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SUSTAINABLE MARKETSIn using markets
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PART FOURLiving with risk 198Social
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY LIVING WIT
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SOCIAL PROTECTIONIt may seem surpri
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PRO
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEwil
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FINANCEinc
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HUNGER AND
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HIV, AIDS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKSPr
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY HEALTH RIS
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THE RISK OF NATURAL DISASTERJanuary
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY NATURAL DI
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CLIMATE CHANGEWe have a word for it
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY CLIMATE CH
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S
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VIOLENCE AND CONFLICTHumanity will
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY VIOLENCE A
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SHOCKS AND
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PART FIVEWho rules the world? 292Th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHO RULE
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THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMT
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEm
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEw
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FINANCEn
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGB
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGD
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADING2
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGF
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGp
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGG
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGI
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGd
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM TRADINGC
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THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEMA few y
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTABLE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIt is
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDthe s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe a
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDTHE Q
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDplann
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDreduc
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcan s
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDgover
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe g
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn fo
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn th
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDcount
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDHOW C
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDIn su
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITA
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CLIMATE
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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL G
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PART SIX
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6 CONCLUSION A NEW DEAL FOR A NEW C
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ANNEX
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSmeetings, s
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTHE COMPONE
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSinstitution
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSOrganisatio
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSthe planned
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ANNEX HOW CHANGE HAPPENSTechnologic
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NOTESPART 1: INTRODUCTION1 The infa
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NOTESPART 2: POWER AND POLITICS1 J.
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NOTES82 J. Beall and S. Fox (2006)
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NOTES5 There has, however, been inc
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NOTES73 See also DFID (2005) ‘Gro
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NOTES139 Author interview, December
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NOTES10 Sources for Figure 4.2: Chi
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NOTES63 WHO (2006) ‘Cumulative Nu
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NOTES124 K. Annan (2005) ‘In Larg
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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up betwe
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NOTES66 H.-J. Chang (2001) ‘Insti
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NOTES138 Information gathered from
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NOTES192 United Nations (2005) ‘W
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NOTES234 In the UK, for example, th
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BIBLIOGRAPHYArcand, J.L. (2004) in
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCastillo, G. and M. Bro
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BIBLIOGRAPHYCozijnsen, J., D. Dudek
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BIBLIOGRAPHYFerreira, F.H.G., P.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGreen, D. (2003) Silent
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BIBLIOGRAPHYInternational Food Poli
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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiu, J. and J. Diamond
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BIBLIOGRAPHYODI (undated) ‘Inequa
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BIBLIOGRAPHYOxfam International (20
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BIBLIOGRAPHYSachs, J. (2005) The En
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BIBLIOGRAPHYUN (2007) ‘The Millen
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BIBLIOGRAPHYWHO (2006) World Health
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIEST
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BACKGROUND PAPERS AND CASE STUDIESR
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GLOSSARYCarbon tradingComparativead
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GLOSSARYGeneric medicines Copies of
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GLOSSARYStructuraladjustmentprogram
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INDEXAfrican Union (AU) 241, 294, 3
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INDEX414-17, 421; as change agent 4
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INDEXeffective states:active citize
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INDEX312, 313; fisheries policies 1
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INDEXcountries 358, 363-4, 366, 378
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INDEXissues 333, 338; levels of 334
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INDEXeffective states 73; evictions
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INDEX‘licence to operate’ 341-2
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‘In telling us what can be achiev
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