Facilitators Manual - Emergency Care Institute

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ACTIVITY 32Complete the following table, providing a brief outline of the classifications of shock (eg septic) andthe underlying pathophysiology, and give examples for each category.Classifications of shockSepticSpinalHypovolaemicObstructiveCardiogenicAnaphylacticUnderlying pathophysiologySeptic shock is defined by the manifestation of hypotension with evidence of infection.Decreased or no change in cardiac output, decreased systemic vascular resistance, Decreasedcapillary resistance, pulmonary capillary pressure and increased pulmonary vascular resistance.Decreased cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance, decreased capillarycirculation and pulmonary capillary pressure, increased pulmonary vascular resistance.Decreased cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and capillary function, increasedpulmonary capillary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance.Decreased cardiac output and capillary circulation, increased systemic vascular resistance,pulmonary capillary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance.Decreased cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, capillary circulation, pulmonarycapillary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance.Table adapted from ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing (Elliott, Aitken, Chaboyer (eds) 2007, Mosby, Australia) – Chapter 15, page 445Table 15.5 ‘Physiological changes in shock’.19ACTIVITY 33What are the differences in patient symptoms in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS),sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock?TypeSystemicinflammatoryresponse syndrome(SIRS)SepsisSevere sepsisSeptic shockSymptomsA non specific syndrome that occurs as a result of a wide variety of severe clinical insults,and manifests in 2 or more of the following conditions:• Temperature>38 or 90 beats/min.• Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min or PaCo 2 12 000/mm¬¬3 or 10% immature band (forms).• Patients may present with tachycardia, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea, hypotension, hypoperfusion,oliguria, leucocytocis or leucopenia, pyrexia or hypothermia. Patients may have metabolicacidosis, dry mucous membranes.• Systemic inflammatory response to infection. Similar presentations as those in SIRS.• Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension. Symptoms mayinclude alteration in neurological status, and hypoperfusion abnormalities including oliguria.• Absence of other hypotension, despite adequate fluid resuscitation, along with the presenceof perfusion abnormalities that may include but are not limited to lactic acidosis, oliguria, oracute alteration in neurological status.• Acute circulatory failure with persistent arterial hypotension unexplained by other causesand despite adequate fluid resuscitation.Table adapted from ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing (Elliott, Aitken, Chaboyer (eds) 2007, Mosby, Australia) – Chapter 15, page 445Table 15.5 ‘Physiological changes in shock’.ACTIVITY 34Read the following management guidelines on acute coronary syndrome and discuss with yourfacilitator or support person:http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/acs%20guidelines%20mja%20summary.pdf’Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2006‘ 17/04/06 MJA supplement vol 184no 8 http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/184_08_170406/suppl_170406_fm.html accessed throughwww.mja.com.au
FACILITATORs’ Manual Transition to Emergency Nursing3.6 DISABILITYACTIVITY 35Using an appropriate text or website, review the anatomy and physiology of the neurologicalsystem and discuss with your facilitator or support person.Discuss answers with participants to facilitate learning.Q1. What are the early signs and symptoms of raised ICP?Altered LOC.Pupil dysfunction.Motor weakness.Sensory deficits.Headache or seizure.Cranial nerve palsy.20Q2. What are the late signs and symptoms of raised ICP?Altered level of consciousness, altered behaviour.Neurological dysfunction – e.g. decerebration.Vomiting.Headache.Cushing’s triad.Q3. What are the nursing interventions for a patient with raised ICP?Elevate head of bed 30 0 .Ensure optimal oxygenation.Ensure your patient has adequate end organ perfusion (ie blood pressure).Undertake minimal nursing activities ie suctioning, invasive procedures as these may resultin noxious stimulit.Adminsiter antibiotics if required – this is indicated for compound fractures of the skull.Q4. What is Cushing’s triad?Cushing’s triad is a sign of increased intracranial pressure. It is seen in head injuries withincreased intracranial pressure (ICP). It is the triad of:Bradycardia,Hypertension (with widened pulse pressure), andA change in respiratory pattern.Q5. Discuss with your facilitator or support person the principles of neurological assessmentand the need for close observation to detect deterioration.ACTIVITY 36For patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of headache, completethe following table.• Provide a brief description of the condition.• Identify the common signs and symptoms associated with that condition.• Outline common treatments.
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Facilitators Manual - Emergency Care Institute

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