SeTi institute Trustee Pierre r. Schwob Supports Summer 2010 ...

ExplorerSETI INSTITUTE2010

The mission of the SETI Institute is to explore, understand andexplain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.We believe we are conducting the most profound search in human history —to know our beginnings and our place among the stars.CONTENTS3 Letter from the CEO3 From the Editor’s Desk By Seth Shostak4 Birth of the SETI Institute by Tom Pierson7 Inside the Board Room — John Gertz, newly elected Chairman of the Board9 Something Special About Mars by Nathalie Cabrol10 The Hunt for Earth’s Brethren by Seth Shostak14 Recovering an Asteroid by Peter Jenniskens18 Center for Education and Public Outreach by Edna DeVore21 The Launch of setiQuest by Avinash Agrawal22 Life in our Backyard by Cynthia Phillips23 Adopt a Scientist24 SETI: From Part Time to Full Time, Including Help from the World by Jill Tarter26 Meet Our 2010 Board of Trustees30 Our Supporters34 Scientific and Professional Collaborations36 Why I Support TeamSETI by Herb Perkins36 SETI Trustee Pierre R. Schwob supports Summer 2010 REU Program37 SETI Institute People47 Planning for your Future41424ExplorerEditor in Chief: Seth ShostakDesigners: Ly Ly and Sophie EssenDirector, Editorial Board:Karen RandallContributor: Gail JacobsContact usIf you have questions aboutTeamSETI, please contact us at(866) 616-3617membership@seti.orgSETI Institute189 Bernardo AveMountain View, CA 94043Telephone: (650) 961-6633FAX: (650) 961-7099www.seti.orgOn the CoverThe new SETI Instituteheadquarters ( from September,2010 ) (Photo by Seth Shostak)2 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Letter from the CEODear SETI Institute Friend,Do you remember when you were a child, and somewhere alongthe way in grade school, you first learned about the nine planets?If your school was like mine, there was no mention of the possibilityof planets around other stars – just a definitive discussionabout the nine around our own Sun. (Whoops, today it’s onlyeight; poor little Pluto!)Yes, we learned that many of these incredible orbs in our solarsystem had their own moons. One had marvelous rings, one wascovered in mysterious clouds, one was red, one was unbearablyhot, and several were made of gas. I remember wondering howthat could be. What held those gaseous planets together? Indeed,our local neighborhood was fascinating.But today, of course, we’re no longer fourth graders, and we understandall of this in much greater detail. But isn’t it fantastichow the story becomes more complex as each new discovery rollsin? Hundreds of planets have been discovered around a myriadof stars. And we’ve only just barely broken the ice on this newrealm of inter-solar planetary science.Articles in this issue of Explorer magazine focus on Kepler, one ofthe most important space missions in years. Members of our SETIInstitute staff play several key roles in this project. Sit back andenjoy reading about these efforts, and the efforts of the entireKepler team!The incredible group of people that I am honored to work withhere at the SETI Institute is a unique team of world class scientistsdedicated to understanding the origin and nature of life on Earthand its possible existence throughout the universe. Your generoussupport makes this possible, and on behalf of the entire SETIInstitute staff, many, many THANKS!With warm regards,Tom PiersonChief Executive OfficerFrom theEditor’s DeskBy Seth ShostakScientists are hard nosed. Thoroughlysteeped in conventionalwisdom, they will audition anynew research result with a cynicalear and a jaundiced eye.A notorious, historical exampleof this professional wariness wasthe science community’s reactionto the notion that rocks fall fromthe sky. At the beginning of the19th century, and despite plentyof testimony from enthusiastic peasants, the FrenchAcademy of Sciences refused to admit that stonesfrom space could pelt the Earth. Only when threethousand meteors showered the Normandy town ofL’Aigle on April 26, 1803 did this august group thinkagain.A similar story could be told regarding the propositionthat continents drift. Even as recently as yourgrandfather’s youth, most scientists thought thisidea was about as plausible as the tooth fairy.Such examples buoy those who have radically new(and usually math-free) cosmological theories, orwho feel that UFOs are proof positive of aliens onEarth. Scientists, after all, can get it wrong. Butscientists are Missourians – you need to show them.They know that, while examples like meteors andplate tectonics make for good stories, they’re theexceptions proving the rule. Most of the time, skepticismis justified, and the conventional wisdom remainsunshaken.In this issue, we talk again about the Kepler project.Because of the importance of its quarry – Earth-likeworlds – the Kepler research team has been meticulousabout verifying both instrument performanceand the reliability of their analysis. They do this becausethey know they’ll be playing a tough crowdwhen the data on small planets accumulate twoyears hence. Consequently, if they find that terrestrialplanets are commonplace, they’ll be sure of havingthe street cred to convince the world. It will beone scientific proposition you can believe.They’ve heard, after all, about the French Academy.SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 3

Birth of theOriginal SETI Institute logoSETI Instituteby Tom Pierson4 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Interstate 80 eastbound, twentymiles outside of Sacramento. It’sTuesday, November 20, 1984; aday on which a small part of historywill be created.In a folder next to me on the front seat of my four-year old Honda areseveral copies of the articles of incorporation for a new legal entity tobe named SETI Institute. For multiple reasons, I was doing everythingpossible to expedite the startup of this new 501(c)(3) non-profit researchorganization. Personally walking the paperwork through theprocess at the state capitol would save several weeks on a frustratinglytight schedule.My major concerns were the logistics. Would it be easy to find themultiple offices I needed to visit? Would there be long lines? Was Igoing to get it all done in one day? Would the language as drafted beacceptable? If not, where would I go to retype them? (At the time,most documents were still printed on typewriters or stand-alone wordprocessors.)Having done all the necessary homework, I was pretty confident ofsuccess that day, and everything went like clockwork. By 2:00 pmthe articles were on file and I had a certified copy signed by CaliforniaSecretary of State, March Fong Eu.The SETI Institute was born!How did this come to be? What were the driving factors that led upto this day?John Billingham, Chief of Life Sciences at NASA Ames Research Center,had been nurturing NASA’s interest in SETI since he stewardedthe 1971 publication of Project Cyclops, edited by Bernard M. (Barney)Oliver, long time Vice President and Director of Research at Hewlett-Packard. This seminal engineering design volume was the report ofa summer workshop sponsored by NASA, and described a project tosearch for artificially generated radio signals from a distance of up to1,000 light-years.By 1984, Billingham had a new SETI research and development budgetof $1.5 million per year and a vision for a major NASA SETI projectby the 1990s. He partnered again with Barney Oliver, now recentlyretired from H-P, inviting him to join NASA and direct the SETI office.Oliver found a program that was seriously over-scoped for the amountof funds available. He rapidly discovered an additional difficulty: mostmembers of the science team working on the program were employedby a variety of universities where overhead rates on their soft moneygrants ranged between 40% to more than 100%. Oliver found thisexasperating, wanted a better answer, and made that fact known loudand clear to all on the team.That summer I became aware of the problem via casual conversationswith Elyse Murray (now Elyse Pierson and mother of our two collegeagechildren). Elyse alerted her boss, Barney Oliver, that she had afriend named Tom Pierson who was director of research administrationTop - John Billingham and Barney OliverMiddle - Tom Pierson and Elyse Murray, 1984Bottom - Articles of incorporationPhotos provided by Tom PiersonPhotos provided by Tom PiersonSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 5

“Wow! Who would have thoughtthat a simple two hour drive toSacramento would lead to this?”Everyone involved voted to proceed with the idea. Because allwere scientists and unskilled in organization design and management,they asked me to join the team and do the workrequired to make the vision a reality. Drawn both by my personalfascination with the question “are we alone?” and bythe incredible group of people inviting me to come help them,I decided to make the leap.This decision to proceed was made in late October, 1984.There was a deadline looming for new grant proposals to besubmitted in December for a funding cycle that would beginFebruary 1, 1985. We had to move from concept to a functioningcorporation with appropriate federal and state nonprofitapprovals in place by mid-January if we were to have anyhope of NASA making an award by the February date. Therewas an obvious sense of urgency.The original board of trustees: from top left, clockwiseFrank Drake, Andrew Fraknoi, William Welch, andRoger Heyns.at nearby San Francisco State University (SFSU) and had a lotof knowledge about university overhead costs. She suggestedthat I might help find an answer to his frustrations about overheadcosts. This led to a series of meetings between myselfand members of the SETI team, including Oliver, Billingham, JillTarter (UC Berkeley), Charles Seeger (SFSU), Ivan Linscott (Stanford),and others. It became clear that essentially all membersof the team shared Oliver’s desire to find a more cost effectivemeans of using the scarce dollars available for SETI research.Based on personal experience in forming and administering researchnon-profits, I suggested that one viable choice wouldbe to form a new non-profit organization devoted to SETIresearch, submit future grant proposals through that entity,and thereby have the researchers become employees of thatnew organization once funding was awarded. This efficientnew arrangement would allow all overhead to be focused visiblyand directly in support of the funded research; no wastedoverhead on things they never saw. I estimated that total overheadshould be around 20%, significantly below the amountbeing paid to their current home institutions.The risk in such a scenario was obvious – the new organizationwould be exactly that – new – and at risk if not shepherdedcorrectly.By early December, bylaws were finalized describing the Institute’sfocus on the research and education aspects of all factorsof the Drake Equation. We collected a terrific volunteerboard for the new corporation and held the first board meetingon December 20, 1984. Using the bylaws as a basis, Iproduced the necessary filings for state and federal incometax exemptions, and the first grant proposal was authored byJill Tarter. The state and federal approvals came through, thegrant proposal was successful, and funding came in right onschedule on February 1, 1985. The first ten employees (includingJill and me) were hired, and we were on our way!The wide spectrum of work as defined by the well-knownDrake Equation enabled the Institute to receive its first exobiologygrant, with Harold Klein as principal investigator, not longafter the first SETI award. And, as history shows, this eventuallyled to the broad base of philanthropy and grant supportwe receive annually in the disciplines of SETI, astrobiology, andscience education.I doubt that any of us around at the beginning would havepredicted that, twenty-five years later, the SETI Institute wouldhave administered more than one quarter of a billion dollarsin funded research, employed more than 700 different individualsover the years, and would currently host more than100 active projects with 140 employees, including 55 principalinvestigator-level scientists and educators.Wow! Who would have thought that a simple two hour driveto Sacramento would lead to this?Pierson is the Institute’s Chief Executive Officer.6 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Board of TrusteesPhoto by Seth ShostakInside the Board RoomJohn Gertz, Newly Elected Chairman of the BoardAs a long-time supporter of the SETI Institute, I’ve always appreciatedthe enthusiasm and interest of our TeamSETI members. Now that I’mtaking the reins as Board Chairman, one of my primary goals will beto optimize this program.To sustain a SETI search over many generations, we need a strong core of supportersfrom a wide range of nationalities, cultures, and demographics. We cannever allow ourselves to solely depend upon government funding, which cancome or go. We also cannot rely on being the playground of a few hyper-wealthydonors because they, too, can shift focus or their financial situations can change.Instead, we require a very broad base of individuals who will steadily support usat a level at which they feel comfortable, and do so year in and year out, fromgeneration to generation.Consequently, TeamSETI members are very important to us, and I’d like to takethis opportunity to thank each of our members for their ongoing loyalty, dedicationand generosity.SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 7

Board of TrusteesWe cannotpredict whensuccess willoccur;not for sure.But what wedo know isthat we needto be in thisfor the longhaul.And thatrequires thesupport ofTeamSETImembers.We don’t know how long it’s going to takeus to find evidence of another society. FrankDrake estimates that there might be 10,000civilizations in our galaxy. But the truth is thatit could be just 10, or it could be 10 billion– we simply don’t know. The researchers atthe SETI Institute are trying to sharpen theseestimates by learning more about the valuesof the Drake Equation. This involves not onlyour SETI searches, but also the very widerange of topics investigated by scientists inour Carl Sagan Center.Could there be life on one of the moons ofJupiter? At least three show evidence of hiddenoceans, as does Enceladus, a satellite ofSaturn. Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, has liquidlakes on its surface – albeit, not lakes ofwater. And of course there’s Mars – the alltimechampion as a candidate for biology ofsome sort, either extant or extinct. A largegroup of scientists in the Carl Sagan Centerare busily studying the geology and past hydrologyof the Red Planet.Other Carl Sagan Center researchers probethe cosmos for planets, or investigate the sortof terrestrial life that can exist in conditionsthat most flora and fauna would find intolerable.All of this work gives us a better understandingof how common life may be in theuniverse, and provides clues as to the possibleprevalence of intelligent life.The universe is a very big place – the MilkyWay alone boasts hundreds of billions of stars.Consequently, our search for life comparableto our own will require a lot of searching anda lot of patience. We might uncover extraterrestrialbiology this year. It might take anotherdecade or two – or even more – beforewe know whether life is special or not. Wecannot predict when success will occur; notfor sure. But what we do know is that weneed to be in this for the long haul. And thatrequires the support of TeamSETI members.To help us in our quest, I am happy to reportthe SETI Institute will soon be allowingthe public to join in the search! Thousands ofvolunteers from around the world will lookat our signals on their computer screens orhandheld devices, and tell us when they seesomething unusual. Our computer algorithmscan find all kinds of signals, but no computerdevised so far is as sophisticated as the humanbrain at recognizing what we’re not preparedto see. The truth is that ET may be signalingus in ways we haven’t programmed for, couldnot program for, or haven’t even considered.We are all familiar with pattern recognitiondevices used by different online programsthat ask us to copy a given pattern of letters“disguised” on our computer screen. It turnsout that computer programs cannot detectthese simple alphabetic signals, but the humanbrain can. It may very well be that ourown eyes will be the very first detectors tosee a SETI signal. Learn more about this interestingprogram at www.setiquest.com.Science education and public outreach arealso very important to the SETI Institute, becausethey not only make our work accessible,but also help ensure future generationsof scientists. We would like to invite you toattend our first annual public science/sciencefiction event, SETIcon. This science extravaganzawill be held in Santa Clara, California,August 13-15, 2010. It’s intended for everyone– from academics to enthusiastic fifthgraders. We’ve invited an impressive groupof dynamic speakers, ranging from our ownworld-renown scientists to astronauts, educators,and celebrities. Make your plans nowto attend and visit www.seticon.com often tokeep abreast of this activity.As a trustee, I am committed to doing everythingpossible to help support our SETIprogram. We effectively receive no governmentfunding, and our partner in the AllenTelescope Array (ATA), UC Berkeley, understandablyhas its own budget restraints. TheBoard of Trustees and SETI Institute managementare looking beyond day-to-day or yearto-yearoperational budgets, and are workingtowards establishing an endowment. Whenthe endowment achieves a certain level, it willenable the Institute to operate from its regularand predictable income rather than relyingupon yearly fundraising.I am proud to serve as Chairman and am inspiredwhen I think about our future. I’d liketo see our SETI program grow by integratingnext-generation software and hardware intoour Allen Telescope Array and increasing thenumber of dishes from its current 42 to 128.We also want to continue growing our astrobiologyteam, currently comprised of 55 principalinvestigators, pursuing fascinating researchprograms in all areas of astrobiology.I look forward to leading a truly incredible andunique organization, into what I hope will bebanner years of innovation and discovery. Ithank you profoundly for your participationand support.8 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Something Special AboutMarsby Nathalie CabrolIn the past 30 years, the myths about Mars have given wayto the hard data collected by orbital and ground missions.The romance of the canals and oases of Schiaparelli andLowell has faded with time, and today Earthlings are takingtheir revenge on H. G. Wells’ Martians by invading the RedPlanet and relentlessly poking its surface.But even if reality has replaced the imaginative visions of Marsfrom a century ago, the excitement of exploring this world hasfar from vanished. In fact if we look closely, nothing has reallychanged: our investigations are still about water and life.Sure, the “channels” we find now are not artificial, but theycomprise some of the evidence supporting the existence ofancient lakes, deltas, and possibly an ocean. We’ve also uncoveredvast reservoirs of underground water, giant volcanoesthat seem to have erupted not so long ago, and small gulliesthat are a clear sign of some sort of activity during the pastseven years.But what makes Mars so special – a place unlike all others inthe solar system – can be found by searching deep within thehuman psyche. It’s about a postcard sunset over a hill, as imagedby a rover that landed six years ago on a giant impactcrater basin; billions of marble-like spherules abandoned on adesolate plain and layered rocks sculpting a book of stone thattells tales of more clement times. It’s about a 24-hour day;night skies where Orion rises as it does on Earth during winter;four seasons punctuating a year; faint icy clouds passing in thesky; dust devils and sandstorms and hills, volcanoes, deserts,dunes, mountains, canyons, and polar caps.There is no need to invent words to describe Mars. They havebeen in our vocabulary since the dawn of our existence because,despite all the differences, Mars is for us the closestplace to home in the solar system. Its frozen landscape haskept the record of a past not so dissimilar to ours. And thatlandscape might have preserved clues, long gone from ourown planet, of how life originated. Mars is the keeper of ourpast.The Red Planet also offers the promise of new beginnings asmankind’s first home away from home, our first step as aninterplanetary civilization. The time might not be far off whenoases and canals will again pepper the surface of Mars, andbeings will come to our blue planet in spaceships. But this timeit won’t be science-fiction – and they will be human.Cabrol is an Institute Principal Investigator who studiesmartian habitats[Image by NASA]Image by NASASETI Institute Explorer | 2010 9

10 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010P

Of all the questions asked regarding extrasolar planets, none is more visceral thanthis: how many of these distant and hard-to-discern worlds are similar to ours – conduciveto biology, and possibly draped with life?Many Renaissance intellectuals, flush with the realization that the stars are, in fact,merely distant suns, floridly declared their opinion that terrestrial planets were as plentiful as potatoes.Giordano Bruno, an Italian astronomer and mathematician, wrote in 1584 that God “… isglorified not in one, but in countless suns; not in a single earth, a single world, but in a thousandthousand, I say in an infinity of worlds.”That was a nice thought, but unsupported by data. William Derham, an Anglican clergyman,shared Bruno’s optimism regarding extrasolar planets, but appreciated the difficulty astronomerswould have in proving their existence, writing in 1715 that such worlds are “… out of thereach of our Glasses, so consequently above our ability to fathom.”Pictured on this page: Bill Borucki, who heads the Kepler Mission. (Photo by Seth Shostak)SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 11

Terrestrial sized worlds have remained out of the reach of our“glasses” ever since, so until recently their existence was onlyaddressed in a theoretic way. On the one hand, the Copernicanrevolution had cautioned scientists to be leery of suggestionsthat Earth is somehow special; therefore there shouldbe plenty of similar worlds. But this was an argument fromprecedent, and obviously not based on observation.A contrarian tack was taken by University of Washington academicsPeter Ward and Donald Brownlee in their book RareEarth. They dutifully assembled a laundry list of terrestrialproperties that they felt were (1) essential to complex life, and(2) highly unlikely to be found in their entirety on many otherworlds. Plate tectonics, an attendant large moon, and thepresence of Jupiter were all circumstances that favored Earth.In their view, our planet is really sui generis, at least withinthe Galaxy. Consequently, enterprises such as SETI are wastedeffort. Alien protozoa will not deign to broadcast signals ourway.Should we believe this dystopian view? Well, the proof is inthe pudding of astronomical observation. And thanks largelyto the perseverance of a mild-mannered NASA scientist, BillBorucki, the pudding’s about to be sampled.In the 1970s, Borucki – working at the Ames Research Center– took on the challenge of finding terrestrial worlds beyondEarth. This aligned well with his personal mantra, which is to“work on important problems.” He proposed looking for transits– the slight dimming of starlight caused if an orbiting planetslides across the face of its sun. Unlike the usual methods offinding planets, which are heavily biased towards large worldsin tight orbits, a transit search could find cousins of the Earth.The idea of transit photometry wasn’t new. In 1971, a memberof Cornell’s Neurobiology department, Frank Rosenblatt, hadsuggested that planets crossing the limb of their sun wouldproduce subtle shifts in the color of the star, changes thatAll known 400+ exoplanets as of Dec 2009 plus the 5 new planetsfound with Kepler. The green band represents the parameters forhabitable planets. Too close to the Sun and water vaporizes. Too farfrom the Sun and water freezes. Too low of a mass, and the planetdoes not have enough surface gravity to hold onto a life sustainingatmosphere. Too large of a mass and the planet has enough gravityto hold onto the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen,and become a gas-giant planet. (Source: NASA)might be detectable to a bevy of large telescopes. Boruckieschewed this esoteric approach, preferring to simply look forthe slight dimming produced by the transit itself – a schemethat was more efficient and more effective, particularly if onecould monitor many stars at a time.Borucki repeatedly pitched his idea to NASA, seeking funding.He didn’t get far, as expert opinion held that there was no waySETI’s Kepler ConnectionThe SETI Institute has a big role in the Kepler Mission, withInstitute personnel involved in everything from the functioningof the hardware and software, to getting the wordout to students, teachers, and the public.Doug Caldwell, whose article you can find on the nextpage, is charged with ensuring that Kepler’s photometer isable to detect even the faintest whisper of stellar dimming,which is Job #1 for Kepler, of course. He also has the helpof Jeffrey Van Cleve, who was featured in the first quarter2009 issue of Explorer.Jon Jenkins leads a team of seven Institute programmers(Hema Chandrasekaran, Joseph Twicken, Elisa Quintana,Peter Tenenbaum, Jie Li, Bruce Clarke, and Hayley Wu) whoput together the software tools to analyze the storm ofdata that Kepler is generating. This is obviously one of themajor components of the mission – you can’t tell the planetaryplayers without a program (or in this case, several programs).Edna DeVore, together with her team (Pamela Harman,Sue Lehr, Cynthia Ramseyer, and Brian Kim) are takingthe excitement of Kepler’s work to students and teachers.They’ve sent a Kepler poster to 70 thousand folks, and worktogether with the Lawrence Hall of Science and AstronomicalSociety of the Pacific to bring Kepler to a museum orplanetarium near you.Jill Tarter and Laurance Doyle are also SETI Institute scientistsworking behind the Kepler scenes. Tarter – as lead ofour SETI research efforts – has an obvious interest in theprevalence of Earth-like worlds. Doyle is using Kepler tolook for stellar doubles that are seen edge-on – pairs ofstars that periodically get in front of one another. If planetsexist in these systems, they can be found by their subtle effecton the interval between transits.Kepler is one of the most innovative research projects afoot today.The SETI Institute is pleased, proud, and excited to take part.— S.S.12 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

he could measure the very slight diminutionin starlight (0.01%) that wouldbe caused by an Earth-size planet,even if he put his photometer into orbit,above the chaotic churn and frothof the atmosphere.But time was on Borucki’s side. By1995, the dramatic discovery of giantplanets around other stars whettedthe appetite of research groups(including SETI) for an inventory ofthe smaller, rocky worlds that mighthouse biology. His quest became ahot topic. In addition, the enormousimprovement in detectors (particularlythe CCD chips used for digital photography)was making it feasible to designan instrument that could accuratelymeasure many stars simultaneously.In 2001, Borucki got his funding, andthe Kepler telescope was launched onMarch 7, 2009. It is now engaged inthe ultimate staring contest, monitoringthe minute-to-minute brightnessof approximately 100,000 stars in theconstellation of Cygnus. Kepler hasalready found planets in tight orbitsaround their stars. But the real treasurewill be Earth-size and even Earthlikeworlds – planets that circle theirsuns at a distance that would allowthem to have liquid oceans on theirsurface. Since these worlds will typicallyhave orbital periods of approximatelya year, and as three transits arerequired to convince observers thatdips in brightness are really due to aplanet, the big news from Kepler – doEarth-like worlds exist? – is still twoyears off.Still and all, this is one of the most excitingexperiments of the present era.As the Kepler team members themselvespoint out, no previous generationcould gauge whether Bruno wasright or not – whether the cosmos isreplete with worlds like Earth. OnceKepler has made its inventory, futuregenerations will know the answer tothis question, at least to first order. Itis an experiment that is revolutionary,for it will change everything.Is Earth truly “rare”, or is it merely anotherduck in a long row? We havewaited centuries for the answer. Withina thousand days, we will know.Shostak is Senior Astronomer atthe SETI InstituteRawDataCALPixel LevelCalibrationsTPSTransiting PlanetSearchThe Kepler Mission is designedto detect transitsof Earth-size planets in thehabitable zones of theirparent stars. These transitscause short, minute changesin brightness that repeatonce a year for stars like theSun. To see such small signals,the Kepler photometerhas to be extremely stablefor long periods of time.The only planned breaksin data collection are themonthly data downlinksand the “quarterly rolls”– when the spacecraft isspun on its long axis – everythree months.Both of these events areaccompanied by a flurry ofactivity to prepare for thecontact, receive the data,and then point Kepler backat the science star field.Between these times, Keplerrecords an image ofthe same 160,000 starsevery 30 minutes, over andover again. To help monitorthe instrument betweenmonthly contacts, we geta “reference pixel” reportfrom a subset of stars recordedonce per day andsent to the ground twice aweek.The SOC Pipeline:From Pixels To PlanetsCalibratedPixelsTCEs:Threshold Crossing EventsCorrectedLight CurvesPAPhotometricAnalysisSums PixelsTogether/MeasuresStar LocationsPDCPresearch DataConditioningRemoves SystematicErrorsDVData ValidationRawLightCurves/CentroidsAfter 8 months of operations,the monitoring ofthese pixels using the PhotometerData Quality (PDQ)software had become quiteroutine. The SETI Institute’sJeff Van Cleve was on dutyon January 11th when wegot notice from the ScienceOperations Center that thePDQ had crashed. The PDQdeveloper, Hema Chandrasekaran– another SETIInstitute employee – quicklyfigured out the problemand got PDQ to complete;though, she noted thatthere “might be some problemwith the data itself.”After looking at the report,Jeff determined there wasindeed a problem, and fileda Kepler Anomaly Report,#604, with the benignsounding title “Anomalousdata values in last 2 cadencesof all 4 module 3 channels.”That evening, after aphone call from Jeff alertedme to the problem, I examinedsome engineeringdata and noticed that therehad been a focal planewidetemperature changeof 0.5 ºC starting January9th at 1749 UT, indicatingsome change in the operatingcondition of the detectorelectronics. Looking atthe pixels, it was clear thatwe were no longer gettingstar data from module-3 –one of 21 science modules.By early the next morningA Search for Habitable PlanetsDiagnostic MetricsA (Bad) Day in the Life of Keplerby Douglas Caldwell2an Anomaly Review Teamhad been convened andengineers at Ball Aerospacewere examining thedata alongside the teamat NASA Ames. KAR-#604had been elevated to aCriticality-2 hardware failureanomaly.Now almost two monthslater, module-3 is still deadand we’re still investigatingthe cause of the failure,which has been narroweddown to a specific portionof the CCD readout electronics.We don’t expectmodule-3 to recover andare focusing on ruling out asystemic defect that mightoccur on other modules.In the meantime, 20 of the21 modules are still goingabout their unrelentingtask of collecting spectacularlyprecise data every 30minutes, while the scienceoperations team is goingabout its task of checkingthe PDQ reports twice aweek, perhaps with a littlemore scrutiny than we usedbefore January 11th.Caldwell is the KeplerInstrument ScientistSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 13

Recoveringan Asteroidby Peter Jenniskens14 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010Peter Jenniskens approaches his first meteorites recovered from the small asteroid 2008 TC3. (Photo by Peter Jenniskens)

On September 30, 2008, I was dreaming about one day chasing an asteroid impact. We hadjust completed an airborne observing campaign to study the fiery re-entry of the EuropeanSpace Agency’s new spaceship, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, and while relaxing in theswimming pool of our hotel in Tahiti, the aircraft pilot and I were discussing the feasibility offlying out to meet a natural fireball.Small 3-meter sized asteroids hit Earth once a year, 2-meter sized once every 4 months, while 1-meter sizedhit about once a month, creating very spectacular fireballs in the sky. What survives the entry is sometimesrecovered as a meteorite on the ground. There are 40,000 different meteorites in our collections, butnone has been linked to a known asteroid. In fact, astronomers are at odds about what meteorite typecorresponds to what asteroid class, because asteroids in space are reddish from sunburn and covered byrubble.My hope was that sooner or later a small asteroid would be seen by one of the Near-Earth Asteroid surveytelescopes, and we would get advanced warning of an imminent impact. Perhaps we would even havetime to fly to the area and learn something about the asteroid’s internal makeup by studying how it breaksapart.When one week later I learned that astronomers had discovered a small asteroid on a collision course withEarth, I was in disbelief. The object, now called asteroid “2008 TC3” was scheduled to hit our planet amere 20 hours later.This had never happened before. The impact was predicted to be over the Nubian Desert in northernSudan – sadly, too far away to reach in time. I contacted Dr. Muawia Shaddad of the University of Khartoumin Sudan to see if eyewitness accounts of the fireball could be collected. When news came fromSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 15

AMuawia H. Shaddad confirms yet another meteorite recovered by students from the University of Khartoum. (Photo by Peter Jenniskens)satellite observations that the asteroid had exploded at 37 kmaltitude, more typical of fragile comets than of stony asteroids,most thought that was the end of the story. Never before hadmeteorites been recovered from something so frail. This wasquite a pity, because the asteroid had been well observed onits approach to the Earth, from which data astronomers couldderive its taxonomic class, diameter, shape, rotation period,and even the way it had entered the atmosphere.I wasn’t so sure that this was all there was to it. The explosionof the Automated Transfer Vehicle high in the atmosphere hadresulted in a spectacular spray of fragments, and I wondered ifsomething of this Sudanese asteroid could not have penetrateddeeper. In late October, Muawia produced some spectacularcell phone images of a dust cloud in the sky, and it seemedpossible to investigate how deep the asteroid had penetrated.To chase an asteroid impact came down to whether I was willingto visit Sudan at the invitation of a person I knew only fromemails.I was and I did, traveling to Khartoum in early December of2008 to meet with eyewitnesses and make plans for a search,if that was feasible. Muawia turned out to be an excellent organizer.After a brief presentation at the physics departmentof the university, Muawia and I traveled north and met withthose who had witnessed the impact. It soon became clearthat the fireball had not penetrated much deeper than 37 km,and the chance of finding meteorites was slim.By that time, however, a busload of 45 very excited studentsand staff from the university had arrived to help in the search.I decided to look for small fragments near the explosion point.It took us all day to navigate the 28 km road into the desertto the site. Once the bus finally arrived and the students werelined up to comb the gravely desert, it took only two hours forstudent Mohammed Alameen to show me his first find. I couldnot believe my eyes. Everybody danced and howled in celebration.For the first time, we had in our hands a meteorite from aknown asteroid! And it was a really weird meteorite at that.When the meteorites were analyzed in the lab, they turned outto be of a rare “ureilite” type, originating from a protoplanetin the asteroid belt that long ago had shattered into thousandsof pieces in a giant collision with another such object.The meteorites, now called “Almahata Sitta,” gave new insightinto the properties of that protoplanet and how the fragmentscame together to form the asteroids we see today. Interestingly,among all the ureilite material, we also found other typesof meteorites that must have accumulated with all the ureilitepieces. We suspect now that some of this material originated16 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010This cap broke off Peter’s first meteorite find when it landed on the ground. (Photo by Peter Jenniskens)

from the impactor. When all is said and done, we hope tobe able to identify where in the asteroid belt this collision occurred.Last December, I traveled back to Khartoum to present theresults of our research to the students and staff members thathad recovered the meteorites. This time, I got to share my adventurewith other foreign nationals. The “2008 TC3 Workshop”was attended by over 100 people. After the two-daymeeting, we traveled back to the region of the fall and, inthree days of searching, almost doubled the number of recoveredmeteorites. On our way back, our gracious hosts tookus to see the famous archeological site at Kerma and all thepyramid sites of Sudan. For me, for Muawia, and for manyof the over 150 different students participating in the varioussearches, this has been a life-changing adventure. The PhysicsDepartment at the University of Khartoum, I understand, willfrom now on be called the Physics and Astronomy Department.More information: http://asima.seti.org/2008TC3/Jenniskens is an Institute Principal Investigator and a meteorastronomerSearching the Nubian Desert.A proud recovery.Dr. Tahani Shatir.of the University of KhartoumSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 17Photos on this page by Peter Jenniskens

Center for Education and Public Outreachby Edna DeVorePhoto by Seth ShostakSTEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering andMathematics) is headline news. It underpins innovationhere in the Silicon Valley, and is perceived as fundamentalto the economic success of nations.We agree. Our education and outreach programs focus onpromoting scientific literacy for people of all ages.The SETI Institute’s Education and Public Outreach (EPO) programsshare the excitement of searching for life in the universe.It’s a fascinating story with a deep human heritage. People of allages are curious about our place in the universe: are we alonein the vast ocean of stars and galaxies? Curiosity motivatesexploration and learning in schools, science centers, collegesand universities, and on the net. Informally, several million peopleper year tap into the Institute’s website and podcast radioshow for cutting edge science, technology and opinion. Otherslearn about our astrobiology and SETI research through printand broadcast media via our SETI Thursday column at SPACE.com, popular articles, and science-based television. And, we’renow on Facebook and Twitter. Sign up for tweets on the latestspace-related news and opportunities.We’re in classrooms across the nation. Institute scientists areco-authors of college-level textbooks in astrobiology and astronomy.The Institute offers curriculum and teacher profes-18 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Center for Education & Public OutreachASSET program participants in front of the SETI InstituteASSET field experience, Crissy Field, San Francicoaksional development programs. Today, Voyages Through Time,our high school science curriculum, is taught in more than 400schools around the nation, and is supported by a network ofmore than 100 teacher-mentors trained in our AstrobiologySummer Science Experience for Teachers (ASSET) program.Evolution is the core theme in Voyages Through Time; it providesthe tools and strategies for science teachers to effectivelymanage social controversies while teaching about evolution.This year, we’ve added an online Advanced Astrobiologycourse for teachers through the National Teacher EducationNetwork at Montana State University. We conducted six educatorworkshops surrounding the NASA’s Kepler Mission launchin partnership with scientists here at SETI Institute, and at theLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (CU Boulder),JPL, the Kennedy Space Center, the Harvard Smithsonian Centerfor Astrophysics, and the National Air and Space Museum.More are planned in the future. Between summer institutes,speakers, workshops, short courses and exhibits at science andeducation conferences, we provide professional developmentfor several hundred educators each year.We foster future scientists. Our Astrobiology Research Experiencefor Undergraduates (REU) program brings talented youngwomen and men from across the nation to the Institute foran intensive 10-week summer research experience; each ismentored by an Institute scientist. REU is supported by theNSF, NASA and private donors. With funding from NASA’sAstrobiology Institute (NAI), we’ve partnered with CaliforniaState University at Pomona (CPP) this coming year to developan extended REU experience for their students. In addition tothe summer REU experience, the students will continue theirresearch projects during the subsequent academic year in collaborationwith the SETI Institute scientist and a CPP facultymember. This virtual internship is an experiment in teaming ourresearch organization with an Hispanic-serving university tobring underserved students into STEM research and careers.We succeed through partnerships. For NASA, we co-direct theEPO programs for Kepler and the Stratospheric Observatoryfor Infrared Astronomy, SOFIA. SOFIA is in the midst of engineeringtest flights. We look forward to training and pairingeducators with scientists on board SOFIA for research missions.Launched in March 2009, Kepler seeks evidence of Earth-sizedplanets in the habitable zone of distant stars. Along the way,Kepler is finding large planets in close orbits to their parentstars: the first five were announced in January 2010. Planetsin longer orbits—like Earth’s year-long trip around the Sun—take more time to confirm, and we await these discoveries.Soon, we’ll know whether planets like our Earth are rare orcommon. In addition to our Kepler educator workshops, we’vesponsored the Night Sky Network, a national project withmore than 300 astronomy clubs that conduct outreach. Wesponsored the development of a demonstration kit—Shadowsand Silhouettes—for the Night Sky Network that’s very popularwith the amateur astronomers.We continue to collaborate with the NAI EPO teams, and benefitfrom this virtual education organization. With the NAI, wetrain teachers, support public science talks, and contribute tothe design of science museum exhibits, often in partnershipwith other NAI teams. Beyond our funding from NASA, NSF,Educate America, and private donors, our EPO program benefitsgreatly from partnerships with other outstanding EPOgroups: Lawrence Hall of Science at UC Berkeley, the AstronomicalSociety of the Pacific, the Universities Space ResearchAssociation, the NAI EPO team members, the NASA AstrophysicsForum, and the professional organizations for scientistsand teachers.Our scientists reach the public nationally. Many of our SETIInstitute scientists present public talks on all aspects of astrobiology,including SETI, that reach hundreds of audiences eachyear. Looking for life beyond Earth is the fundamental humanquestion that motivates us to reach out and educate peopleabout our research work. It’s a great subject for educating futurescientists, and motivating them toward STEM educationand careers.DeVore is the Institute’s Director of Education and PublicOutreachSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 19

The>Launch>of>setiQuestby Avinash AgrawalIn February 2009, TED (ted.com)recognized Jill Tarter, the Director of theCenter for SETI Research, with the TEDprize. This prize is given annually to upto three individuals to help them make awish come true.Jill’s wish was:“I wish that you would empowerEarthlings everywhere to become activeparticipants in the ultimate search forcosmic company.”We plan to achieve this by making availableto everyone the data we collect from ourtelescopes, the software we use to look forsignals, the algorithms that the software isbased on, and a series of simple “games-witha-purpose.”Data visualization experts can look at our dataand represent it in ways more compelling forhuman processing; scientists can also use itfor their own SETI searches.Software developers and algorithm enthusiastscan use our software and algorithmsto hunt for signals, or for other purposes.Citizen Scientists can use the “games” to helpus detect anomalies in the data we collectphoto by Seth Shostak20 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Center for SETI Research– anomalies that might be unexpectedclues to extraterrestrial signals.We hope that as the global communityparticipates, they will respond withboth their insights and with suggestedchanges to software and signal algorithms.This will create a positive spiral ofimprovement, based on what the worlddescribes as Open Innovation: the use ofexternal as well as internal ideas to advanceour program.WcttgaMany hurdles need to be jumped inorder to enable everyone to participatein the search. Our scientists use sophisticatedcustom-built processing devices;in the past this was necessary as existingcomputers were not able to analyze thedata in near-real-time. Today’s generalpurposecomputers, however, are muchmore powerful. We are working withpartners to redesign our computing clusterusing standard computer servers.andporting our software to run on it. Oncethis project is completed, search programscan be run on a PC or a collectionof PC’s, without the need for any customhardware.Visit http://www.setiquest.org.kNear-real-time processing is necessarybecause the amount of data crunched isvery large – between 100 and 200 terabytesdaily. After processing, the dataare purged if no signal is found. In orderfor the global community to help in thesearch, they will need access to thesedata – at least some of them. Collecting,storing and distributing these data are allsignificant challenges.While we could set up streaming serversat our observatory, its remote locationmakes this difficult. By necessity, our observatoryhad to be built in an area withvery little radio interference, but as aconsequence the Allen Telescope Arraydoesn’t have great Internet connections.We are grateful to Amazon Web Servicesfor helping us overcome this problem bystoring our data in the Amazon “cloud.”From there, it can be downloaded byanyone connected to the Internet.SonATA, the SETI software we intendto open source, was initially developedfor research. The software team is in theprocess of porting, modularizing, anddocumenting the Sonata code, makingit easier for software developers to improveit. We intend to have a contestfor algorithm development, with prizesfor both creating and implementing newalgorithmic approaches.Since its announcement in February, seti-Quest.org has had visitors from over 100different countries, clearly testifying toits global appeal. A Web 2.0 Social Networkingstrategy is being implementedto keep enthusiasts engaged.Part of the Strategy includes outreach atconferences where different membersof the global community gather – JillTarter started off the year by participatingin two panels at the World EconomicForum, Davos, Switzerland, and then atTED 2010. She was a featured speakerat South By Southwest in Austin, Texas.She is also a keynote speaker at OSConin Portland in July – a conference aimedat Open Source Software enthusiasts.setiQuest.org announced the availabilityof data in the second calendar quarter of2010. Open sourcing of software and algorithmswill take place in phases, startingin the third quarter of 2010. Gamesof citizen-scientists are being designed,and will be ready some time in 2011.In addition to SETI Institute staff, a largenumber of organizations are involvedin helping us succeed. A partial list orour major partners includes: Amazon.com, Infosys, LastExit.tv, Dell, Intel andGoogle. Also helping us are other organizationssuch as Github, 37Signals, andLattix, as well as individuals including DaneseCooper, Gever Tully, Lydia Varmazis,Nigel Holmes and Tim O’Reilly.While we work on opening up our experimentalprogram, we would love tohave you participate, and provide feedbackon what we have. In the spirit ofOpen Innovation, we are looking for allthe help you can provide to help us succeed.We look forward to seeing you on seti-Quest.org.Agrawal is Director, Open Innovation,at the SETI InstituteSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 21

Planetary surface views of Venus, Mars, and Titan, showing surprisingly similar geologic processes.All three worlds are possible locations for past or current life beyond the Earth.In the search for life in the solar system,places like Mars and Europaare often the first ones to come tomind. But how do we identify potentialhabitats for life? What are thenecessary criteria for life as we know it,and where should we be looking? Theanswers might surprise you!Scientists usually list three main requirementsfor life: liquid water, certain elementslike carbon and nitrogen, and sufficientenergy sources to allow abundantchemical reactions to take place. Earth isthe only planet we know where all thesecriteria are met for sure. Where elseshould we look for life? Here are somepossibilities.Venus: Our sister planet in size only, thethick atmosphere of Venus results in aninhospitable surface temperature of almost500 degrees C! However, early insolar system history, Venus could havehad a thinner atmosphere and more reasonablesurface temperatures, and maybeeven liquid water. So an early originof life on the surface of Venus is possible.Even today, it’s possible that floating microbescould live up in the clouds wherethe temperature and surface pressureare more attractive. Scientists have evenpointed to an overabundance of certainsulfur compounds in the atmosphere ofLife in our Backyardby Cynthia PhillipsVenus – these chemicals are producedby bacteria on Earth. But on Venus, it’salso possible that they were produced byvolcanic activity. Still, it’s possible thatprimitive life forms could survive in thelarge, stable clouds of Venus.Mars: The red planet has long seemedthe best possible location for life beyondEarth, although with its cold surfacetemperatures and extremely thin atmosphere,the surface of Mars is not currentlya place where life is likely to thrive.Spacecraft such as the Viking 1 and 2landers found no traces of life, but themore recent Mars Phoenix lander foundabundant evidence of ice just beneaththe surface in the polar regions. Geologicalobservations suggest that Marscould have been warmer and wetter earlyin its history, making early life a possibility.Any signs of life we find today arelikely to be fossilized remnants, though itis possible that simple life could still existin the subsurface.Europa: One of Jupiter’s large Galileansatellites, Europa’s subsurface is heatedthrough tidal interactions with Jupiterand the other satellites. Though its surfaceis solid frozen ice, and Europa hasno appreciable atmosphere, this moonis thought to possess a large subsurfaceocean of liquid water that is greater involume than all of Earth’s oceans combined.Although energy sources are stillunconfirmed, Europa could representour best bet for a currently-thriving ecosystemof simple organisms beyond theEarth.Enceladus: A tiny satellite of Saturn,Enceladus might seem an unlikely placeto look for life – but the Cassini spacecrafthas discovered geysers jetting offits surface that could come from subsurfaceliquid water reservoirs. Whetherthese reservoirs could provide stable,long-term environments to allow life toform and flourish is still unknown.Titan: Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan hasa thicker atmosphere than the Earth. Onits frigid surface, water is solid as a rock,but liquid ethane and methane seem toform river channels and lakes of liquid.While life as we know it would not beable to survive these strange chemicalconditions, it is possible that interestingprebiotic chemical reactions might takeplace that could, perhaps, lead to life aswe don’t know it.Phillips, a Principal Investigator atthe Institute, is a planetary scientist,educator, and author22 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Adopt aAdopt aScientistDear SETI Institute,I want everybody to know what a wonderfulexperience my daughter and I had with FrankDrake through the Adopt a Scientist program.If you’ve ever wondered where your donationmoney goes or if it will be well used,then I cannot emphasize enough how specialthis program is.Choosing to support the SETI Institute wasfairly easy. First, I would like to transformmy belief that we are not alone into factualknowledge. But just as importantly,this is a journey that has and will continueto deliver unexpected scientific discoveriesalong the way.Our journey began when we chose to adopt Frank Drake. All theInstitute scientists are doing interesting work, but Frank is both a legend and -well - he’s great with kids. Being an educator who is well known for explaining things topeople of all ages, I chose him partly because I wanted my five year old daughterIndigo to learn about space and foster her interest in science.Frank Drake was great to spend time with. Indigo talks about the trip frequently,about how she got to see both Jupiter and Neptune through the big telescope andis constantly checking out (picture) books on space from the library. She frequentlyasks to take out her little telescope so she can see Jupiter, which is now her favoriteplanet - just like her friend Frank Drake. Believe me, the rest of the family wants tocome along too next time!Indigo likes to draw. After the trip, many of her pictures now include pretty good imagesof Jupiter or telescopes or rockets. I especially like one she drew for Frank of analien girl on an alien planet looking up to see the Earth in her sky. She gets what this isall about and the experience made a huge impression on her.One benefit I didn’t expect was just how close I feel to the new optical SETI project.By going through the Adopt a Scientist program, I know exactly where themoney is going and feel great that it will help build a new telescope array. I’mvery impressed with Frank Drake’s innovative design, and how it will do themost science with a conservative budget. I can hardly wait until it is up andrunning. Even if the search takes a while, I’m sure that this new design willmake unexpected discoveries.Thank you for offering the Adopt a Scientist program. It has made a big impacton my family and helped push the search forward at the same time.I encourage anybody else who is thinking about the program to go for it.You will have a deeply meaningful experience that will be something youtalk about for the rest of your life.Boyd MultererIndigo Multerer2010To learn how you can adopt a scientist, visit www.seti.org/AdoptAScientist.Image (Top): Frank Drake, Boyd Multerer and Indigo Multerer at Lick Observatory (Photo by Laurie Hatch).Images (Center and bottom): drawings by Indigo MultererSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 23

SETI: From Part Time to Full Time,Including Help from the Worldby Jill TarterIn 1993 when the SETI Institute took on Project Phoenix tocomplete the targeted search of a thousand nearby starsthat had been half of NASA’s High Resolution MicrowaveSurvey, our only access to the sky came via purchased orcompetitively awarded time allocations on large researchradio telescopes around the world. We planned and executeda decade-long observing program based on extended ‘campaigns’conducted at distant pairs of observatories. Our signalprocessing gear was completely custom built, mounted in amobile research facility (a trailer), and moved from place toplace. On average we were hooked up and looking at the skyfor only about 5% of the time.The SETI 2020 workshops that the SETI Institute held from1997-99 to plan for the next two decades concluded that itwas time for SETI to build its own telescope. With the help ofsome superstars from the Silicon Valley and partners from theUniversity of California Berkeley’s Radio Astronomy Lab (RAL),we designed the One Hectare Telescope, an array of a largenumber of small dishes. This became the Allen Telescope Arrayin 2000, when Paul G. Allen provided the funding for thetechnology development and then the first phase of constructionat the Hat Creek Radio Observatory.The first 42 antennas of the ATA were dedicated on October11, 2007 and are now working at full capacity, surveying theradio sky for astrophysical as well as engineered signals. Weare trying very hard to find additional partners for Mr. Allen inorder to build out the array to its intended size of 350 dishes.In the interim we are using the array to do a range of differentsurvey projects that are appropriate to its current size.Our colleagues at Berkeley are surveying one-third of the skyfor transient sources of radio emission at 3.14 GHz, searchingfor neutral hydrogen gas in the local universe, and pursuinga number of other scientific explorations. We are conductingSETI searches for narrowband, engineered signals from a20-square degree band along the plane of the Milky Way galaxynear the galactic center. Along these lines of sight thereare something like 4 billion stars, almost all of them very faraway. Consequently, we are looking for strong transmitters.We conduct the search by forming two high-resolution, dualpolarization,phased array beams and pointing them at two ofthe 3,500 grid points we’ve defined to cover the area of interest.Think of this as selecting two of the pixels out of all thepixels that your digital camera produces – the ATA is a uniqueradio camera with many pixels and its electronic equipment24 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Photo by Seth Shostakcan simultaneously make a radio image of a large piece of thesky, and select individual pixels for processing by our SETI signaldetectors.So far we’ve investigated 712 of the 3,500 grid points, coveringall or part of the 300 MHz spectrum from 1420 to 1720MHz (the cosmic waterhole). We use the two beams simultaneouslyto help us discriminate against terrestrial interference.Surviving candidate signals are compared against a databaseof known interference, and if they have not been seen before,our equipment automatically follows up with more observationsto determine the nature of the signal. While we areobserving the galactic center region, researchers at Berkeleyare also observing, looking for transient sources of naturalemission.Over the next decade we hope to observe a million or moreindividual stars over the terrestrial microwave window from 1to 10 GHz. We prioritize stars with known exoplanets, andstars in the anti-center direction towards Cygnus X-3; soon wewill add stars in the ecliptic plane that may have seen Earth intransit against the Sun. To date we’ve observed approximatelyone thousand stars over several hundred MHz of spectrum –there’s a long way to go.We have tuned our signal detection algorithms for finding narrowbandsignals and pulses; obvious technosignatures. Ourcurrent signal processing equipment is rack-mounted PCs withtwo custom accelerating cards. We are now seeking a donationof a server cluster to move our signal detection into thesoftware-only domain and expand its speed. The possibilityof weaning ourselves from custom hardware now allows usto create an open source project and invite in the world toimprove the searches.We’ve just launched setiQuest to support a community of codeand algorithm developers and citizen scientists who want toparticipate in the search. In the near future, subsets of datafrom the ATA will be made publicly available, and contests willbe held to identify the best algorithms for detecting more complexsignals than our current algorithms can recognize. We’llalso develop applications that will allow volunteers to help uslook for anomalies in the data in real time to catch signals thatwe miss other ways. From long nights in a trailer, babysittingcustom signal detectors at someone else’s telescope tocontinuous observing using the ATA with the whole world ascollaborators – it’s been a real sea change for SETI at the SETIInstitute.Tarter is Director of the Institute’s Center for SETI ResearchSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 25

Board of TrusteesJohn Gertz, ChairmanTrustee since 2000John Gertz has headed ZorroProductions, Inc. since 1977.Zorro Productions controls theworldwide trademarks andcopyrights of the name, visuallikeness and the character ofZorro.John has been guiding thisbrand for over twenty yearsthrough major films, television,stage productions, publishingprojects and promotions in additionto hundreds of licensedproducts. The brand is representedworldwide by over thirtyfivelicensing agents for all mediaand ancillary products. Thelatest stage production, Zorro,the Musical has been sweepingthrough European theatres withrave reviews.John’s been an amateur astronomerand lay student of astrophysicsfor over 25 years. Inaddition to the SETI Institute, healso serves as President of theBoard of the Berkeley JewishCommunity Center.Andrew Fraknoi,Vice ChairmanTrustee since 1984Professor Fraknoi has servedon the Board since its inception.He chairs the Astronomy Departmentat Foothill College,teaching 900+ students peryear; and is Senior Educator forthe Astronomical Society of thePacific, where he was ExecutiveDirector for 14 years.He is author of 15 books, includingone of the leading introductorycollege astronomytextbooks and a children’s bookon space for Disney. He appearsregularly on local and nationalradio, explaining astronomicaldevelopments.He was 2007 California Professorof the Year, and has receivedseveral national awards for hiseducational work — includingthe Annenberg Prize of theAmerican Astronomical Societyand the Gemant Award of theAmerican Institute of Physics.Asteroid 4859 was namedAsteroid Fraknoi by the InternationalAstronomical Unionto recognize his contributionsto the public understanding ofscience -- but he reassures ourreaders that it’s a boring asteroidand no threat to the Earth!Tom Pierson, CEO andCorporate SecretaryTrustee since 1988In 1984, having met a numberof early SETI pioneers, Tomdeveloped the concept of a nonprofitresearch organization thatcould serve as a home for scientistsand engineers interested inthe study of life in the universe.In November of that year, he incorporatedthe SETI Institute asa non-profit organization, and inFebruary 1985 saw the Institutereceive its first grant.Tom is a Member of the InternationalAcademy of Astronauticsand has received numerousrecognitions, including NASA’sPublic Service Medal. Morethan any individual recognition,he considers his most prizedaward to be the NASA PublicService Group Award given tothe SETI Institute and its entirestaff for excellence in carryingout research and education inthe areas of life in the universeand the search for extraterrestrialintelligence.26 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Board of TrusteesDavid Pratt,Past ChairmanTrustee since 2004Al BagleyTrustee since 2002Linda BernardiTrustee since 2002John Billingham, MDTrustee since 1995David Pratt is retired InterimPresident and CEO of CallidusSoftware Inc. and continues toserve on their board of directors.Before joining Callidus, heserved as Interim President andCEO of AvantGo, Inc., a mobileinternet service company; andthe YMCA of the Mid-Peninsula,where he also sits on the boardof directors.David was Executive VP andChief Operating Officer of AdobeSystems, Inc., from May 1988to January 1998. Prior to that,he provided VP and COO leadershipto Logitech, and Quantum.He holds an M.B.A. fromthe University of Chicago anda Bachelor of Science degree inElectrical Engineering from MIT.Al Bagley retired after 37 yearsof service for Hewlett-Packard inNorthern California.He was General Manager ofthe Frequency and Time Division(the Santa Clara Division), andserved as Engineering Managerof HP’s Electronics InstrumentsGroup.While there, Al invented ahigh-speed frequency counterwhich reduced the amount oftime required to measure highfrequencies from ten minutes toless than two seconds (1951).With Len Cutler, he co-inventedthe HP 5528A Laser Interferometer,still used for micro-inchmeasurements in the IntegratedCircuit Industry. He also helpedCutler develop the HP 5060 CesiumBeam Clock, the dominantnational time standard in industrialcountries.With leadership experiencespanning more than two decades,Linda has a strong visionand passion for emerging andfuture technologies.She is founder of the BernardiLeadership Institute, and is theCEO and founder of StraTerraPartners, LLC; a technologystrategy consulting firm, focusedon the massive disruption andpossibilities of cloud computing,and the critical transformation ofglobal information technology.She is an active entrepreneur,technologist, investor and trustee.As a visionary entrepreneur,in 2001 Linda founded ConnecTerra,Inc. in Cambridge, MA, theleading software provider connectingRFID technology to largeenterprise IT. Most recently shewas the Vice President of Strategyand Innovation at Capgemini,involved in building the globaltechnology ecosystem of thecompany.In addition to the SETI Institute,she serves on the boardof the International Museum ofWomen, on the council of advisorsfor Astia, and is emeritusboard member at the Anita BorgInstitute.Dr. Billingham obtained hisM.A. and medical degree fromOxford University in England in1954. He specialized in aviationmedicine and physiology for theRoyal Air Force before coming tothe US in 1963 to take chargeof environmental physiologyresearch at the Johnson SpaceCenter in Houston, TX. Threeyears later, he moved to AmesResearch Center in Moffett Field,CA, becoming Chief of the BiotechnologyDivision.In 1970, he was co-director,with Bernard Oliver, of ProjectCyclops, A Design Study of aSystem for Detecting ExtraterrestrialIntelligent Life. In 1976,he became Chief of the ExtraterrestrialResearch Division atAmes, which included SETI andexobiology. He spent most ofthe rest of his career at Amesestablishing and directing theNASA SETI Program. He retiredfrom NASA in 1994.In 2009, he was inducted intothe NASA Ames Hall of Famefor his work in Astrobiology andSETI.Photos by Seth ShostakSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 27

Board of TrusteesBaruch Blumberg,MD, Ph.D.Trustee since 2003Paul ElliottTrustee since 2007Dane GlasgowTrustee since 2007David Liddle, Ph.D.Trustee since 2000Dr. Blumberg is a distinguishedscientist at Fox ChaseCancer Center in Philadelphia,PA and professor of medicineand anthropology at the Universityof Pennsylvania.He was awarded the NobelPrize in 1976 for “discoveriesconcerning new mechanismsfor the origin and disseminationof infectious diseases” and specifically,for the discovery of theHepatitis B virus.In 1993, he and his co-inventorwere elected to the NationalInventors Hall of Fame for theirhepatitis B vaccine and test todiagnose it.He has taught medical anthropologyat the University of Pennsylvania,and has been a visitingprofessor in India, Singapore,New Zealand, and universities inKentucky, Indiana and at StanfordUniversity.Barry’s interests expanded intospace sciences when he servedas senior advisor to NASA’s Administratorand was director ofNASA’s Astrobiology Instituteat Ames Research Center. Hiswork has covered many areas,including clinical research, epidemiology,virology, genetics,and anthropology.Most recently a distinguishedengineer at Cisco Systems OpticalTechnology Business Unit,Paul has been active in communicationssystems design forover 20 years.His experience focuses onSONET, high-speed optics technology,RF, ASIC design, timingand synchronization standards,and compliance engineering.He holds fourteen patents in theareas of frequency generation,system synchronization, andproduct architecture.Paul was a founding memberof Cerent, which was acquiredby Cisco in 1999. As Director ofSystems Engineering at Cerent,Paul helped build and lead theengineering team, and was theprincipal architect of Cerent’sflagship product, now known asthe Cisco ONS15454. This MultiServiceProvisioning Platform(MSPP) provides the functionsof multiple network elements ina single platform. He was alsoa leading engineer at DSC, Optilink,and Harris.Dane Glasgow is vice presidentof the eBay Buyer ExperienceProduct ManagementTeam. This worldwide groupworks to surface the best dealson eBay, drive increased businessconversion, and grow customersatisfaction through greatsearch and buying experiences.He joined eBay in December2008 through the acquisitionof Positronic, a company heco-founded, that developed asophisticated machine learningand natural language processingplatform in the finance sector.Before Positronic, Dane wasthe director of program managementfor Microsoft’s coreLive Search product. He led theteam responsible for deliveringfast, relevant search to customersworldwide. He also servedas general manager of the InformationServices Client team,which delivered near-instantsearch results for PCs throughWindows Desktop Search.Dane joined Microsoft in April1999 through the acquisition ofJump.com, where he was president,which provided the firstcompletely connected, Internetbasedemail, calendar and tasksservice.Dr. Liddle is a Partner in U.S.Venture Partners, working withentrepreneurs in the markets ofinformation technology, cleantechand healthcare.He is the former Presidentand CEO of Interval ResearchCorporation, a Silicon Valleybasedlaboratory and incubatorfor new businesses focusedon broadband applications andadvanced technologies that heco-founded with Paul Allen in1992.He’s been a consulting professorof computer science atStanford, and is credited withheading development of thegroundbreaking Xerox Star computersystem.David has served on manyboards, including Sybase, BroderbundSoftware, Borland Internationaland Ticketmaster,and is currently on the board ofthe New York Times Company.David has served on theDARPA Information Science andTechnology Committee, and aschair of the NAS Computer Scienceand Telecommunicationsboard. He was chair of theboard of trustees of the SantaFe Institute, a not-for-profit researchand education center,from 1994 to 1999.28 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Board of TrusteesMichael MoradzadehTrustee since 2010Greg Papadopoulos,Ph.D., Past ChairmanTrustee since 1998Pierre R. SchwobTrustee since 2009William J. Welch. Ph.D.Trustee since 1984Michael is a retired intellectualproperty and public policy attorney.A graduate of Stanford Universityand UC Berkeley’s BoaltHall, Michael was most recentlyemployed at Intel Corporation asa senior executive, with a rangeof responsibilities from counselfor Internet and Microsoft-relatedmatters, to electronic privacy,to leading an industry coalitionon digital content protection.He served as general counselfor the large desktop productsgroup and as director of homearchitecture.Prior to Intel, he served as asenior attorney at Cetus (laterChiron) Corporation in Emeryville,CA, focusing on licensingand protecting inventions inthe field of biotechnology.Since retirement in 2000, Michaeland his wife Noëlle Lecahave focused their energy onshared interests, including environmentalorganizations, publicbroadcasting (Noelle served aschair of NCPB/KQED in 2009),education, and politics.Michael has been very activeis sailing, racing five times acrossthe Pacific to Hawaii and servingas the head of several yachtingorganizations.With more than twenty years’experience in the technologyindustry, Greg has held severalexecutive positions, most recentlyserving as Chief TechnologyOfficer and Executive VicePresident of R&D at Sun Microsystems,Inc.Greg managed Sun’s technologydecisions, global engineeringarchitecture, and advanceddevelopment programs. He alsofounded a number of his owncompanies, including co-foundingThinking Machines, where heled the design of the CM6 massivelyparallel supercomputer.Greg was also an AssociateProfessor of Electrical Engineeringand Computer Science atMIT, where he conducted researchin scalable systems, multithreaded/dataflow processorarchitecture, functional and declarativelanguages, and faulttolerantcomputing.He holds a bachelor’s degreein systems science from the Universityof California at San Diego,as well as master’s and doctoraldegrees in electrical engineeringand computer science from MIT.Greg co-authored Citizen Engineer:A Handbook for SociallyResponsible Engineering, publishedin September, 2009.Pierre Schwob was born in LosAngeles and was reared in Geneva.He has lived in New York,Hong Kong, and now Palo Alto,CA. He has written books onhistory, calculators, and chess,and he holds several US and foreignpatents.Pierre founded a softwareand technology R&D companyin 1978, where he developedthe ID LOGIC ® technology incorporatedinto the RBDS nationalstandard.He was adjunct assistant professorin computer science atNYU. In 1994, Pierre createdClassicalArchives.com – a popularmusic website dedicated toclassical music. He producedand co-wrote the narrated symphonyCosmic Reflection, tellingthe history of the universe in40 minutes, which recently premieredto great acclaim at theKennedy Center in WashingtonDC.His interests include the latestadvances in particle astrophysicsand cosmology, and foreignpolicy research. Asteroid 32890Schwob has been named afterhim.Professor Welch joined thefaculty of UC Berkeley’s ElectricalEngineering and ComputerSciences Department in 1960,and in 1971 became a facultymember of the Astronomy Department.He retired in 2005and is currently a professor inthe graduate school.Jack was the director of theRadio Astronomy Lab at UCBfrom 1971-1996 and continuesto participate in both the CAR-MA millimeter-wave astronomyproject and the Allen TelescopeArray project, conducted jointlywith the SETI Institute. He hasserved on the Board of the SETIInstitute since its inception.Jack is the author or co-authorof over 150 journal articles andconference papers.Elected to the National Academyof Sciences in 1999, hiscitation reads: “He started thefield of millimeter-wave interferometryand remains one of itsmost active practitioners. Hisdiscoveries in star formation includethe first hot cores associatedwith massive protostars andtheir subsequent evolution intoultracompact HII regions.”Photos by Seth ShostakSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 29

Our SupportersThe SETI Institute depends on your help — both corporate and individual. We gratefully acknowledge support from the followingCorporate SupportersIndividual Supporters$10,000 +$10,000 +Agilent TechnologiesAmerican TechionSocietyApplied WaveResearch, IncAtwood FoundationComputers By Design,Inc.Educate America!Elanix, Inc.EMS TechnologiesFidelity InvestmentsCharitable Gift FundFINDSGoogle MatchingGifts ProgramHewlett-PackardCompanyJewish CommunityEndowment FundsKawasaki MotorsCorp., USAKelmoore InvestmentCompany, Inc.$5,000 - $9,999Alfred P. SloanFoundationCarole CsongradiMemorial FundCommunity FoundationOf New JerseyLandmark Investments,LimitedLibitzky FamilyFoundationLION bioscienceLockheed CorporationLooq RecordsLos Trancos ManagementCompanyMicrosoft CorporationNationalSemiconductorNetwork AppliancesOlympusPaul G. Allen FamilyFoundationRambus Inc.Renegade MarketingGroupThe SaplingFoundationSilicon Valley CommunityFoundationCommunity FoundationSilicon ValleyInstitute For ResearchOn Unlimited LoveMail-Archive, Inc.Stella and CharlesGuttman FoundationSun Microsystems, Inc.Texas Instruments, Inc.The David and LucilePackard FoundationTransfinite SystemsTrimble NavigationLimitedTurner DuckworthUnited Way of KingCountyUnited Way of theBay AreaUniversal City DevelopmentPartnersUniversity ofCalifornia, BerkeleyVenturComWaksman Foundationfor MicrobiologyXilinx, Inc.Xybernaut CorporationPeninsula CommunityFoundationSchwab Fund forCharitable GivingAllen, PaulBagley, AlanBernardi, LindaBiggar, RobertBirnbaum, JoelBlack, JasonBrunner, RobertBuescher, VeraChafee, NathanielCote’, ChristopherCrumpler, MaleahDavid, RenaDixon, RobertEarle, RobertElliott, PaulEstate of Rose L.Dobbs$5,000 - $9,999Almquist, AdrianBillingham, JohnBoniface, RobertClarke, ArthurCote’, DavidCowen, RobertDickinson, RobertFaber, SandraFolts, AliceFraknoi, AndrewFreimann, FelixGlasgow, DaneGoddard, ArthurGoodman, PatFactor, RichardFriis, IngerGalvin, RobertGerstley, PaulGertz, JohnGolub, Judith MarxHewlett, WilliamHorwat, WaldemarKapor, MitchellLiddle, DavidMoore, GordonMourning, StevenMyhrvold, NathanNagel, DavidOliver, BernardPapadopoulos, GregPierson, ThomasHay, AlysHerold, FrankHill, BudHofstadter, NancyHolton, RobertHume, WilliamJugaku, KazukoKeelan, JohnLane, WilliamLesyna, LarryLetaw, HarryMahajan, RahulMcDaid, LiamMoyer, John-DavidPlatt, LewisRandell, ScottRitter, BruceRodgers, M.Schwob, PierreSheridan, MarkSimon, StephenTramiel, LeonardTrimberger, StephenTweten, DavidVance, BarbaraVanderweil, AnneWelch, WilliamWhaley, AlWrixon, GeraldO’Hara, PatrickPhelps, WilliamRadek, KentRenard, PaulRowe, StephenSeeger, NaomiShostak, SethTarter, DonaldTilenius, EricWadsworth, DuaneWilson, ChristopherWynnell, Taed$1,000 - $4,999$1,000 - $4,999Dusky FoundationApple Computer, Inc.International DataCorporationThe Clorox CompanyFoundationAllianz InvestmentCorporationKodakAmazon.comEast Bay CommunityFoundation$500 - $999Cadence Systems, Inc.Forum for WomenEntrepreneurs &ExecutivesFoundation for GlobalCommunityPerforce Software,Inc.Mooers, Branton &Co, Inc.Elizabeth ElderDoolittle CharitableTrustsUnited Way CaliforniaCapital RegionPractice PartnerJUSTGIVEThe Boston FoundationThe Zephyr CharitableFoundation Inc.Pfizer United WayCampaignPrudential FoundationSAFECOSGITexas AstronomicalSocietyPNC The Fund forCharitable GivingAdvisor CharitableGift FundGoldman SachsPhilanthropy FundThe Adam J. WeissmanFoundationThe Sunil Paul AndMichelle OdomFoundationThe New York CommunityTrustThe TeachingCompanyUnited Way CaliforniaCapital RegionUniteq San FranciscoUniversity Books, Inc.Abuarbara, FuadAckermann, CarlAhern, WilliamAllen, StephenAllen, DonAlvord, EliasAnderson, AliceArnold, H.J.P.Ashbrook, RichardAshby, JohnAsher, LawrenceAsimov, JanetAsimov, RobynAuel, JeanBabb, SusanBackus, PeterBaker, JamesBaker, ToddBall, RobertBaskerville, IanBaswell, JamieBaudat, GastonBeim, HowardBenjamin, JohnBennett, JohnBerger, RichardBern, MedeaBesson, GeraldBeyer, JohnBindel, DavidBjarno, BoBlanchard, DavidBold, RobinBorcherding, FredBortolotto, RobertBoswell, BrendaBreen, JaneBrochu, DavidBroome, EmileBrown, GlennBuckmaster, HeathBurbank, TrumanBurgess, CharlesButt, JohnCamozzi, JohnCampbell, GaryCarrico, WilliamCarson, RichardCarter, MargaretCassella, Frank andEmilyChapman, MichaelChen, EuniceChesley, HarryChristensen, RobertChristopher, GeraldChristopher, WayneChyba, ChristopherClark, RobertCoffee, PeterColombel, EricCondon, JohnCook, PamelaCopeland, RichardCoppedge, LauranceCorning, RobertCoy, GregoryCraig, RobertCronin, Michael30 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Our SupportersThe SETI Institute depends on your help — both corporate and individual. We gratefully acknowledge support from the followingIndividual Supporters$1,000 - $4,999 ( cont. )Csongradi, CarolynCurtis, JayCushman, PerryDaley, EdwinDally, PaulDavidson, HowardDayton, JohnDe Biase, RobertDeaver, RogerDekker, RobDelsemme, ArmandDemere, RaymondDenney, PatsyDeVore, EdnaDietz, RichardDobyns, JulieDonadio, GregoryDonovan, RichardDoshay, DavidDougherty, KevinDrake, FrankDuffy, SharonEakins, LeslieEasterson, LarsElser, AlfredErickson, RobertEtheridge, DaleEvans, KennethFast, MichaelFeeney, LouisFischer, AudreyFitzgerald, EdwardFitzpatrick, DougFleehart, TimFontecilla, CarlosFord, FreemanFranklin, WilsonFrosch, RobertFry, KennethFuller, CharlesFurmanski, DanielFutterman, BrianGallagher, RobertGambrel, DavidGaratina, FrankGeiger, RichardGelfand, MarkGeraci, DanGladney, LarryGold, StephenGoldberg, MarkGosling, JamesGrethen, KeithGroothuis, FredGruener, GarrettGunnerson, EricHackborn, RichardHall, RobertHammond, DonaldHarman, PamelaHarris, HaydenHarryman, MichaelHartzog, HenryHatfield, LeeHawkins, WarrenHawley, RobertHedman, EdwardHelvie, JamesHemsley, RussellHenauer-Windolph,Tanyahenry, TimHepler, DavidHicks, StephenHidenfelter, SheriHiggins, MaryHillman, JamesHilton, MarvinHoebich, ChristianHoffman, LindaHoover, RalphHopkins, FredHopkirk, MikeHorowitz, PaulHorton, MarvinHosken, TerenceHoward, HenryHoxie, BrianHuckins, CharlesHufnagel, DavidHulbe, ChristophHunt, RalphIftikhar, JavidIrvin, CharlesJackson, ScottJaroslovsky, AlanJohnson, AlbertJohnson, DavidJohnson, RudolphJones, StevenJugaku, JunJustice, JeffreyKandrot, EdwardKatzman, JamesKauderer, CorinneKay, JohnKendall, BurtonKendall, FrankKennedy, ElizabethKent, StephenKern, CharlesKevin, GregoryKieckhefer, RobertKing, MarshallKing, DavidKing, LonnieKnapp, StevenKnox, FrederickKodosky, JeffreyKorn, ManfredKrupiarz, ChristopherLake, SaraLamb, WalterLambert, JamesLarsh, AlmonLathrap, PhilipLaurent, JohnLebovitz, BruceLekson, J.Leonard, KennethLeong, WarrenLerner, SteveLevin, AnneLight, ArthurLindelien, JamesLinden-Vornle,MichaelLippert, RichardLittle, RonaldLloyd, AndrewLobsiger, MichaelLoughry, DonaldLoyola, GuillermoLund, KarlMagowan, KimberleyMai, TimothyMandell, GordonMarch, DavidMarryman, SandyMarston, JohnMathews, FloydMayer, DorothyMc Cloud, DavidMc Crary, D. E.Mc Intosh, JamesMc Kelvy, JohnMcAllister, EricMcDonagh, JamesMcDonagh, WilliamMcDonnell, PaulMcKissack, DouglasMcNamee, RogerMetz, VictorMigdal, ChristopherMiller, DavidMiller, LarryMishra, AwanishMoerner, WilliamMoffitt, ChrisMooney, MichaelMorris, AlbertMorse, RobertMoseley, PeterMulvey, BrianMurray, EdwardMurthy, PurnaMyers, GordonMyers, DavidNash, RobertNelson, GlennNelson, JohnNewman, HaroldNicholson, DavidNimoy, LeonardNodohara, TrudyOkazaki, TimOkubo, GayleOrme-Johnson, CarolOsborne, ThomasO’Sullivan, KathleenOtey, DavidOtte, RichardOxley, BillPalmatier, MalcolmPardo, EhudPatrick, MichaelPatrick, AlanPauls, ThomasPayden, WilliamPellerin, WilliamPerkins, HerbertPerzik, JordanPeters, RichardPetersen, BillPeterson, TerryPethoud, RobertPetrak, JackPettengill, GordonPhoenix, TomPope, DanielPorter, JimPost, EdPowers, LisaPratt, DavidPrice, DougPritchard, JohnQuigley, AlmaQuigley, DanielRabinowitz, DanielRadin, LonRagosta, ArthurRakowski, AndrewRandall, KarenRassieur, WilliamReardon, PaulRhodes, H. ClaudeRiddle, DennisRieser, GeoffreyRoberts, GaryRobertson, RoderickRobinson, DavidRobinson, LloydRogers, JeffreyRosano, RonaldRose, WilliamRosener, DougRothblatt, MarbinaRussell, MattRussell, KimRusso, DonaldRyerson, GeorgeSandbach, HenrySandford, ScottSanford, BeverlySantavicca, DonSaunders, GreggSchindler, MarkSchmidtkunz, MichaelSchonberg, StantonSchwartz, RichardSchwiebert, RobertSedam, DonaldSeeger, JudithSegerman, DanShahani, RajShambora, RobertSharp, JonShostak, ArnoldShowalter, MarkShustek, LeonardSimpson, JoshSitko, MichaelSmith, RonaldSnyder, AlexandraSobel, DavaSpitzer, MatthewSprenger, MirellaStammberger, KurtStanley, RobertStark, AntonyStendahl, StevenStewart, JerryStichka, JamesStone, ThomSturgeon, RogerSufrin, MichaelSullivan, MarySummerfield, MartinSwanson, DanielSwanson, JohnSwartz, KitTarpenning, MarcTaylor, RichardTekach, ThomasTerman, TerenceThompson, LewisTiwary, VivekTough, AllenTownes, CharlesTozour, PaulTreitel, RichardTrevethan, JohnTripidi, AlmaTucker, ThomasTurner, MichaelVail, RichardVan Horn, GayVan Rensselaer, CortVisneski, RaymondVitalie, VinceVretenar, FrankWalden, BryceWalker, ChristopherWay, MattWebster, RobertWeigart, AdrianWells, JohnWeston, DavidWetzel, KenWilber, PaceWill, RichardWillems, DannyWilliams, MarshallWitter, DeanWoeltje, KeithWolfe, StevenWood, AnthonyWood, RobertWoodward, LeonardWoosley, StanWorsencroft, KimWright, DavidYates, CharlesYork, TerenceZander, GarySETI Institute Explorer | 2010 31

Our SupportersThe SETI Institute depends on your help — both corporate and individual. We gratefully acknowledge support from the followingIndividual Supporters$500 - $999Abbott, AnnaAburto, AlfredAdams, MarvinAdams, MarthaAdams, RichardAlberts, WatsonAlexander, MartinAllmendinger, KarlAlpi, GeorgeAmacher, A.Amador, JorgeAnderson, MelindaAndrew, StefanAnglin, RobertAnthony, RickAshton, CatinaAtkin, KarenleeAugenstein, DonAugust, CaseyBabcock, GaylonBachg, JensBagley, JamesBain, JerryBaldwin, PaulBaldwin, RollandBales, ThomasBall, DwightBamburg, MarvinBanks, C. KennethBecker, WilliamBeinfest, SidneyBell, BryanBennet, DavidBennett, JeffreyBentley, MarkBenz, GeorgeBergerson, EricBerner, BarryBerry, DavidBessire, JohnBest, JohnBetlach, CharlesBinnall, EugeneBishop, RickeyBlanchard, DennisBlank, MichaelBlechschmidt, CarlBoelk, MaryBogema, BernardBoggiani, BrunoBorleis, GeraldBorucki, WilliamBosch, ClementBosia, MelissaBosshard, LorenBourne, JamesBoydston, StephenBrand, GregBrasure, L.Breffeilh, RobertBrett, ClydeBretz, ChristopherBrewster, SharonBroderick, JohnBrooks, LewisBrophy, WilliamBrown, HaydenBrown, PeterBrown, DennisBruning, IreneBrytus, VinceBua, AngeloBuckley, DennisBudde, MatthewBuettner, DavidBuma, DickBuntschuh, CharlesBurandt, RichardBurns, DanielCairns, PaulCalabrese, DottyCallahan, JamesCallegari, MarkCalzavara, CarolynCampbell, JohnCanafax, ColeCanto-Alvarez,AntonioCantwell, FrancisCarmean, JerryCarmichael, RalphCarpenter, LorenCarroll, BradleyCarter, DennisCasey, CharlesCaspersen, FinnCaspersen, ErikCastermans, Marie-PierreCaswell, RonaldChambers, PhilipChapin, NedCheckeye, ScottCherry, MichaelChipaloski, AnthonyChism, OlinChrisman, LeonClarke, RandyClarke, DouglasCline, J.Cloyd, MalcomCoffer, FredCohen, HowardColin, LawrenceCollins, DanielConway, HenryCook, MichelleCorcoran, ZenaCordas, DonnaCornwell, CalvinCotten, JerryCotterill, HarryCottrell, CarlCoughlin, CoreyCoulson, IainCoulter, MichaelCounterman, CraigCowper, ShawnCrawford, TimothyCunningham, JohnCutler, LeonardDabney, JosephDage, JackDarling, DavidD’Arpino, EmilioDaulton, H.Davidson, ThomasDavis, PaulDavis, RichardDavis-Floyd, PamelaDavison, TerryDe Leonardis, MichaelDelamore, JohnDelong, RobertDelson, LawrenceDeming, WillisDennis, DavidDere, WilliamDeVaughn, KimDevick, WilliamDeyarmond, GeorgeDick, EugeneDietz, DuaneDillon, WilliamDiLuzio, CarlDodds, EdwardDoland, JudyDombro, LouisDominian, JulieDongweck, LenDorcey, CharlesDreyer, LucasDriskill, DavidDrobot, VladimirDuke, HelenDumas, StephaneDunwoodie, DuaneDyson, FreemanEads, JohnEarnest, LesterEbenhahn, WilliamEdgington, SamanthaEgloff, BruceEnos, JudithEtela, EFell, MaryFenske, AllanFernández, EmilioFindlay, MitchellFine, NickFinkenbiner, GlennFitch, RonaleeFitz, PatrickForsythe, DavidFotland, DavidFragiacomo, AnthonyFranks, WilliamFreedman, RichardFreeman, MarjorieFrench, DouglasFrenkel, YuriyFriedman, LouisFriend, Richardfsdf, sdfsdFulton, ChristopherGaebler, WolfgangGalcher, WilliamGaleck, MarkGan, DavidGanty, PraveenGatlin, JamesGeiger, BruceGelbaum, DanielGerard, StephanGetz, ThomasGeymet, AndreaGieringer, DaleGillespie, CarltonGilliam, GaryGilliland, RonaldGingell, TomGlandon, WarrenGlass, JamesGlassley, WilliamGolden, NancyGolubic, KarenGonzales, OmegaGoodwin, TerrenceGorman, DavidGorzolla, YorkGottlieb, BruceGould, GordonGraboske, HaroldGraham, WilliamGraim, TomGrainger, MichaelGrant, RobertGrebb, RichGreen, KenGreenberg, JonathanGrin, EdmondGroty, GeorgeGuidry-Dilley, CarolynHabram - Blanke,MariaHahn, PhilHaig, FrankHalvorson, HaroldHanks, DouglasHanson, KenHarding, ThomasHarper, DavidHarrigan, LisaHarris, StevenHarrison, MichaelHart, JosephHawkins, FredericHawks, CurtisHaxton, DonHayhurst, StephenHays, JoyceHeald, SteveHeath, FrankHebert, LauraHeeschen, DavidHelms, MarkHelms, HowardHendrickson, BarbaraHenrikson, LeeHerick, RogerHervey, RobertHerz, AlexHeston, WilliamHeyning, BrentHicks, GaryHicks, ArthurHinrichs, DelmerHodek, JamesHodgkins, JonHoeptner, JudithHoffman, DavidHogan, C.M.THogan, EricHolder, WalterHoles, DavidHolway, DonalHootkins, RobertHoover, JosephHorrigan, AnthonyHoughtaling, DavidHowaniec, GregoryHowell, ThomasHranek, RobertHrivnak, JohnHubbard, PaulHubbard, BryanHubelbank, MarkHughes, PhilipHulme, CharlesHurick, MichaelHutton, AlisonIntenzo, MichaelIshikawa, NaotaIves, JeffreyJackson, ThomasJacobson, H.Jacoby, NeilJagodka, MarionJenkins, JonJents, KennethJohns, OliverJones, DaytonJones-Mason, KarenJudd, DanielKearns, TimothyKelly, KevinKemp, GeraldKennedy, GlennKerns, JackKillian, A.Kingsley, ElizabethKirk, DonnKirkeby, BobKirkner, StephenKirkpatrick, JamesKirkwood, JeanneKlean, StevenKlerkx, GregoryKlimczak, PaulKodaka, KenKogge, PeterKohler, KennethKohlmiller, PaulKosso, EugeneKott, AlanKoutsoumaris, GeorgeKozon, RobertKrasno, JamesKroot, JeffKrueger, MarkKugel, KarlKugel, CraigKulaszewicz, AlanKurz, JosephKustick, HarryLa Barbera, MichaelLachaux, JeromeLacy, DanLaherty, RitaLampe, ThomasLark, NeilLarkin, JohnLarson, KeithLaubach, MarkLawson, TimLawton, GrahamLeas, JohnLee, GordonLehr, SusanLeist, LeslieLenehan, GynelleLennartz, WilliamLentz, RobertLesko, JimLetendre, GeneLeveque, ChristopherLevin, CharlesLevine, JaneLewis, Barbara-AnnLiller, FredLinebarger, DeanLoizides, ThomasLowell, JohnLundin, GeorgeLuneburg, ThomasLuxford, Spencer32 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Our SupportersThe SETI Institute depends on your help — both corporate and individual. We gratefully acknowledge support from the followingIndividual Supporters$500 - $999 ( Cont. )Lyle, JamesLyon, BruceLyon, PatriciaMackinlay, IanMacRobert, AlanMadden, ChristopherMadigan, RichardMagarian, RobertMaggart, DwaineMainer, NormanMandeville, TomMangini, LeonardMarch, EugeneMatheson, JamesMatloff, GregoryMatthias, MichaelMay, EricMcAnlis, RobertMcClelland, RobertMcConnell, ThomasMcElroy, RalphMcGettigan, PaulMcGuire, EricMcKinney, BruceMcLeod, LeonardMcMillan, W.B.McNamara, KenMcWilliams, PhilMechler, GaryMeckler, DeborahMehle, AnthonyMeikle, ChrisMessrobian, PeterMeyer, LauraMiglucci, JoeMikash, JamesMiller, KevinMiller, GilbertMillin, NicolausMills, JamesMinen, DiegoMinor, RobertMiraglia, VincentMitchell, GaryMitchell, MonteMooers, ChristopherMoore, MichaelMoraga, ClaytonMoran, RosaMorgan, KennethMoritz, ThomasMorningstar, JaniceMorsello, CasperMortfield, PaulMuel, BernardMueller, ThomasMunoz, MichaelMurphy, RickMutz, JoyceMyhrvold, NatalieMynster, HaraldMyrick, EdwardNashman, AlvinNelson, TheresaNelson, RodgerNelson, GeoffNelson, GarryNewcomb, JamesNewman, JamesNg, DavidNichols, MichaelNichols, CorwinNickel, EugeneNieman, CharlesNoble, JohnO’Brien, ThomasO’Brien, JosephOhlund Family TrustOhrt, DillonO’Leary, DavidOliphant, AllenOlson, RonaldOpfer, SusanOprendek, RichardOrtiz, TonyOswald, WilliamOtter, RichardPabst, RobertaPalmer, TomasPan, RubyPanfili, PeterParesce, FrancescoParkison, ChristinePascoe, JohnPasqua, JoePate, WilliamPatel, VinodPeck, StuartPendleton, RandPeris Soler, JacoboPerwien, RichardPetersen, RobertPetrocone, RobertPhinney, RobertPieper, BerndPlackett, MikePloeger, BonniePlopper, CliffordPodawiltz, CorinnePogue-Beilstein,MaryAnnPowell, JeffryPowell, StephenPowell, RobertPredosin, MirkoPrentiss, DavidPuhl, LarryQuayle, MichaelQuick, DavidRadway, TheodoreRahder, KeithRamirez, JanRaskin, BarbaraRawlinson, RonReams, BrookReed, MildredRemmel, JeannetteRhodes, JoelRicciardi, RichardRicco, StephenRice, SteveRice, RussellRichards, JonRichardson, MilesRicketts, PeteRinehart, JohnRoberts, FredRoberts, PaulRoberts, PeterRobie, StephenRoedder, SpencerRoehr, KaiRoot, RyanRosa, RichardRose, JedRose, JaniceRoss, TammyRossie, ChristopherRouse, JeffRudnick, LawrenceRunkle, M. C.Rutar, EricRyan, RomaRyan, JuanitaRyan, FrancisSaadi, MitchelSandstrom, JoanSchapiro, HaroldScheffer, RichardSchendel, RobertSchier, RobertSchilke, DonaldSchink, DavidSchmidtlin, EdouardSchneider, MichaelSchofield, SuzanneSchott, FredSchwab, CharlesScotney, LawrenceScott, StuartScott, JohnScott, AlexanderScotto, GarySeeger, CharlesSeeger, PeterSeifert, VincentSeifert, TomSepikas, JohnShakhashiri, BassamShakhashiri, ZekinShanahan, TimSharp, DianeShaw, JamesSheldon, MichaelSheperd, CharlesShivack, IanShocklee, MarkShreve, GregShreve, DavidShuey, RonaldShulan, DavidShulman, DavidSiedenburg, JoanSiglin, ScottSilver, MarvinSimmons, WalterSivo, LouisSlominski, RonaldSmallen, MartinSmith, WesleySmith, JamesSmith, JamesSmith, CarolSmith, DavidSmith, RodfordSnow, TowerSnyder, WilliamSolch, StephenSt John, MelodyStancampiano, BlazeStanek, PeterStanley, RichardStauble, CharlesStebbins, GeorgeSteffann, DanielStetson, JudithStevenson, GordonStewart, TimothyStickel, JohnStorey, AntonyStrohm, MarkStultz, AlanStutz, RobertSumner, RobertSuter, RonaldSwan, MaureenSwanson, KenSwentko, WalterSwinsburg, GarySykes, RichardSymon, KeithTanzella, ArthurTaylor, KathleenTaylor, WilliamTaylor, EugenieTedesco, LeopoldTemple, Rogerter Kuile, CasperTether, StephenThoma, AllenThomas, MichaelThompson, GlennThornton, CarolynThorpe, MelitaThylin, Jimtim, henryTimmerman, JackTisch, ThomasToledo, JoeTolson, RobertTonkin, CarolToth, TerryTricker, IainTrimble, BarneyTroemel, MichaelTrudeau, JohnTuazon, JesusTucher, CarolynTucker, VirginiaTurbe, S. P.Turner, KeithTurpin, MichaelUrie, PaulUrry, WilbertUthman, EdwardUtt, WalterVance, JohnVodila, PatriciaVogel, EugeneWaechter, MichaelWagner, EugeneWagner, ColeenWagoner, RobertWalker, BurtonWalker, H.Wall, BillWallace, JaniceWallingford, EarleWalliser, ManlioWalter, DennisWangsvick, DeanWarner, ElizabethWasserman, ScottWatkins, MilesWeaver, LindaWedaa, HenryWegeng, RobertWeiner, AlanWeinstein, MarcWeitze, WilliamWells, CarolWestlake, RichardWetherington,WilliamWetzel, OttoWhitehead, WendeeWhiteside, GlennWhiting, DavidWhitney, ThomasWilkinson, RobertWilliams, RogerWilliams, NormanWilliams, MaraWilson, ThurmanWilson, BillWilson, Z.Wirt, KennethWolbach, MurrayWolcott, JoeWong, AndrewWulff, MarkWyatt, MichaelYanagitani, BrianYeager, JosephYoder, BillYork, JamesYoung, MerrieYoung, DouglasZamiska, JamesZeidman, RobertZembrzuski, DanielZirkle, RobertZurlinden, JosephSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 33

Scientific & Professional CollaborationsCutting edge research depends on working together with a wide range of organizations —universities, observatories, and national facilities. We list below our many collaboratorsResearch Centers & ObservatoriesAARI St. Petersburg, RussiaAmer. Assn.Adv. of Sci. (AAAS)Applied Wave ResearchArecibo ObservatoryArgonne National LaboratoryASTRONAstron. Society of the PacificBavarian Geological SurveyBiotech Research InstituteBritish Antarctic SurveyCal. Academy of SciencesCanadian Space AgencyCarnegie Inst. WashingtonCent. Bur. SchimmelculturesCenters for Disease ControlChabot Space & Science CenterCenter for Theology (CTNS)Cerro Tololo Inter-Amer. Observ.Communications Centre (CRC)Danube Research InstituteDARPADecision Sci. Research Inst.Desert Research InstituteDLR, GermanyESA (European Space Agency)ETH, ZurichExplorers Club for AstrophysicsGemini Observatory (Hawaii)Geological Survey of BoliviaGerman Aero. Center DLRGroningen ObservatoryHarvard Smithsonian CenterHubble Space TelescopeIndian & N. Affairs (DIAND)Inst. Microbiology, MoscowInst.Astrofísica Canarias IACISAS (Japan)ISA (Israeli Space Agency)Instit. Dynamics of GeospheresJet Propulsion LaboratoryJodrell Bank ObservatoryJoint Astron. Center HawaiiKapteyn Institute/SRON (NL)Kennedy Space CenterLab. de Meteor. Dyn ParisLawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab.Lawrence Hall of ScienceLawrence Livermore Nat. Lab.Leiden ObservatoryLick ObservatoryLos Alamos NLLowell ObservatoryLunar and Planetary LabMax Planck InstituteMarine Biol. Lab., Woods HoleNASA Ames Research CenterNASA Astrobiology InstituteNASA Goddard Space Flight CtrNASA Headquarters-DCNASA Infrared Tele Fac. (IRTF)NASA Johnson Space CenterNat’l. Ctr. for Atmos ResearchNational Acad. of SciencesNational Geographic SocietyNational Science FoundationNational Space Society (NSS)Nice Observatory, FranceNat’l. Inst. of Standards & Tech.NIWA, Christchurch, NZNat’l. Radio Astron. Obs. – VLANSF Office of Polar ProgramsNIWA, New ZealandNOAO, JapanNunavut Res. InstituteOak Ridge National LabsObs. Astr. di Roma (INAF-OAR)Ondrejov Observ, Czech Rep.Parkes ObservatoryPlanetary Science InstitutePolar Cont. Shelf ProjectRoyal Botanic Gardens at KewRussian Acad. of SciencesSAIC, VirginiaSandia National LaboratoriesSERNAP (Bolivian Nat. Park)Siding Spring ObservatorySlovak Academy of SciencesSmithsonian - Space Science Inst.Southwest Research InstituteSpace Frontier FoundationSpace Science Instit, Boulder, COSpace Telescope Science Inst.SpaceRef InteractiveSREL, Aiken, GASRON, NetherlandsStarfire Optical RangeTech Museum, San JoseThe Planetary SocietyThirty Meter Telescope ProjectUC Berkeley Radio Astronomy LabsUnited States Air ForceUnited States Marine CorpsUniversity Space Research Assoc.US Air Force AcademyUS Bureau of ReclamationUSGS Albuquerque, NMUSGS Astrogeology TeamUSGS Cascades Volcano Observ.USGS, FlagstaffUSS Hornet MuseumVirtual Planetary Lab. (JPL)VLT., Cerro Paranal, ChileW. M. Keck TelescopeYerkes ObservatoryZAMG-Austrian Weather ServiceNational & International CompaniesACLARA BiosciencesEarthShip Prod. (James Cameron)Alatech Design, Inc.Eastman Kodak CompanyAM GeneralEastshore Design GroupAndersen EngineeringEvergreen AviationApple Computer Inc.First AirAqua Survey, Inc.Floatograph Tech. Inc.AquaLungGemfire and PSIaTerra Technologies Inc.Gerlinger SteelBall Aerospace CorporationHamilton-Sundstrand Space SystemsBiotraces, Inc.HoneyBee International Inc.Bryson ConsultingHat Creek ConstructionCampbell Scientific Inc.John C. Reykjalin, Inc.Decision Research Inc.Kawasaki Motors USA Inc.Deep Ocean Exploration Inc.Kleinfelder EngineeringL-3LifeCell Corporation, NJLockheed MartinMaxima Software, Inc.Minex EngineeringMountain Hard Wear Inc.NanogenOcean Systems Inc.Olympus America Inc.Photonics Inc.Proxemy ResearchRaytheonRoper ScientificSAGE Engineering34 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

Scientific & Professional CollaborationsCutting edge research depends on working together with a wide range of organizations —universities, observatories, and national facilities. We list below our many collaboratorsNational & International Companies ( cont. )Saggita Corp.Salisbury & Assoc. Inc.Sci Tek and Sci Tek MediaSpiraMed Corp.SRISAICTelesat Ltd.TerrySystems Inc.UniversitiesAkita Prefectural Univ.-JapanArizona State Univ.Aust. Centre for AstrobiologyAustralian National Univ.Bradford University, UKBrandeis UniversityBrown UniversityCal State FullertonCarnegie Mellon UniversityCalifornia Inst. of TechnologyClay Center ObservatoryColorado School of MinesCornell UniversityColorado State UniversityDalhousie Univ., Nova ScotiaFranklin & Marshall CollegeGeorgia Inst. of TechnologyGeorgia TechGreenwich Comm. CollegeIndiana UniversityJohn Carrol UniversityInstit. of Bio. Prob,-MoscowJohns Hopkins UniversityKansas City Univ.Kobe University, JapanLeiden University (NL)Louisiana State UniversityMacquarie Univ. AustraliaMassachusetts Inst. of Tech.McGill UniversityMedical Univ. of LuebeckMichigan State UniversityMontana State UniversityMount Allison UniversityMount Holyoke CollegeNew Mexico State Univ.Otsuma University, TokyoOxford UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityPrinceton UniversityPrincipia CollegePurdue UniversityQueen’s Univ. in OntarioReading University –EnglandRensselaer Polytechnic Inst.Rice UniversityThe Aerospace CorporationThe Discovery ChannelThe History ChannelTMI Ltd.Wi-Lan Ltd.Xybernaut Solutions Inc.Trimble GPSWideband Computers, Inc.Rochester Inst. of TechnologyRussian Academy of SciencesSan Francisco State Univ.San Jose State UniversitySeibersdorf, ViennaSimon Fraser UniversitySpitzer Science CenterSpace Science InstituteSt. Mary’s College of CASt. Paul School of TheologyStanford UniversitySteward ObservatorySUNY-BuffaloSwiss Fed. Instit. of Tech.Technical Univ., of HamburgThe Hebrew UniversityUC BerkeleyUC BoulderUC DavisUC Los AngelesUC San DiegoUC Santa CruzUniv. British ColumbiaUniv. Cat. del N. AntofagastaUniv. d’Annunzio, ItalyUniv. de Paris MeudonUniv. MexicoUniv. of Aachen, GermanyUniv. of AberdeenUniv. of AlaskaUniv. of Alaska, FairbanksUniv. of ArizonaUniv. of ArkansasUniv. of Basel, SwitzerlandUniv. of Bremen, GermanyUniv. of Bordeaux, FranceUniv. of British ColumbiaUniv. of CanterburyUniv. of CincinnatiUniv. of Colorado, BoulderUniv. of CopenhagenUniv. of East AngliaUniv. of Erlangen, GermanyUniv. of Florida, GainesvilleUniv. of GuelphUniv. of Hawaii, ManoaWilliam Lettis and Associates Inc.Windermere GroupWRMS EngineeringUniv. of Iceland –ReykjavikUniv. of IdahoUniv. of Illinois, ChicagoUniv. of Jena, GermanyUniv. of LeicesterUniv. of IowaUniv. of LeridaUniv. of MDUniv. of MichiganUniv. of NM, AlbuquerqueUniv. of NebraskaUniv. of Nevada, RenoUniv. of New BrunswickUniv. of New MexicoUniv. of New South WalesUniv. of Northern ArizonaUniv. of ReginaUniv. of Porto-PortugalUniv. of Rhode IslandUniv. of Rome Tor VergataUniv. of SalzburgUniv. of SidneyUniv. of South CarolinaUniv. of South FloridaUniv. of Stuttgart, GermanyUniv. of Tasmania, AustraliaUniv. of Tel Aviv, IsraelUniv. of TennesseeUniv. of TorontoUniv. of TusciaUniv. of Utah, LoganUniv. of ViennaUniv. of Washington, SeattleUniv. of Wisconsin, MadisonUtah State UniversityWashington Univ. St. LouisYale UniversitySETI Institute Explorer | 2010 35

REU summer student Craig Hill does research using the Schwob microscope.Photo by Seth ShostakSETI Institute Trustee Pierre R. SchwobSupports Summer 2010Research Experience for Undergraduates ProgramIn order to make a very direct contribution to research,Institute Trustee Pierre Schwob has loanedhis personal Olympus CX41 RF microscope, butterflyhigh-intensity lamp, and digital camera to PrincipalInvestigator Jennifer Blank.The equipment will be used by her Research Experiencefor Undergraduates (REU) 2010 summer intern.The microscope/imaging system will allow the intern toexamine petrographic thin sections of calcium-carbonatecements in preparation for further geochemical analysis.The cements come from the nearby Del Puerto Ophiolite,a section of rock that was once oceanic crust (some 160million years ago!) and is now part of the California CoastRange. Alkaline springs seeping from the region containdissolved magnesium at levels twenty times that of averagetap water; people drive from hours away to samplethe water at a public spigot known as Adobe Springs, forthe magnesium is known to be a natural health tonic.Microorganisms also use these waters; the streambedsare lined with calcium-magnesium carbonate cements,a consequence of biological activity. Blank and her colleaguesstudy the microbial community and related geochemicalenvironment and think the cements are a goodexample of a planetary biomarker that could persist forgeologic timescales.36 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

SETI InstituteLeslie AbarientosLeslie Abarientos is the Institute’sHuman Resources Specialistassisting with benefitsPeter BackusPeter Backus is a radio astronomerdoing SETI on the Allen TelescopeArrayAvinash AgrawalAvinash Agrawal is the Director ofOpen InnovationEmma BakesEmma Bakes is an astrophysicistand trainee medical doctorstudying Titan’s atmosphere andthe effects of microgravity onhumans in space.Dale AndersenDale Andersen is a PrincipalInvestigator studying microbialecosystems in polar regions to helpunderstand terrestrial life andguide the search for life on MarsLisa BallardLisa Ballard is a web developerwith the NASA Planetary DataSystemkJennifer AralJennifer Aral is the buyer for theInstitute’s department of contractsand procurementMolly BentleyExecutive Producer, “Are WeAlone?” radio showShannon AtkinsonShannon Atkinson is Chief FinancialOfficer overseeing the businessaffairs of the Institute.Ode BinkleyReceptionistDana BackmanDana Backman managesoutreach programs for the SOFIA(Stratospheric Observatory forInfrared Astronomy).Janice BishopJanice Bishop is a Senior ResearchScientist studying spectroscopy ofplanetary (e.g. Mars) surfacesSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 37

SETI InstituteSamantha BlairPostdoctoral researcherAdrian BrownAdrian Brown is a PlanetaryScientist who studies Mars usingorbital spacecraft data.Jen BlankJen Blank is an astrobiologist andprincipal investigator studyingthe impact delivery of prebioticmolecules and the biogeochemistryof carbonate cements.Nathalie CabrolNathalie Cabrol is a PrincipalInvestigator studying habitableenvironments on Mars as well asmartian analog environments onEarthRosalba BonaccorsiRosalba Bonaccorsi is a PrincipalInvestigator working on planetaryprotection and the astrobiology ofclaysDouglas CaldwellDouglas Caldwell is a PrincipalInvestigator working as the KeplerInstrument Scientist.Tucker BradfordTucker Bradford is head ofthe Institute’s IT, Security, andFacilities.Jan CamiJan Cami is a Principal Investigatorresearching the formation andevolution of complex molecules inthe interstellar medium and nearevolved starsJames BrewsterJames Brewster is a Senior UnixAdministrator for the SETI Institute.Suzanne ChanResearch AssociateSteve BrockbankInformation Technology OperationsManagerCarrie ChavezResearch Assistant38 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

SETI InstituteJean ChiarJean Chiar is a PrincipalInvestigator studying sub-micronice-coated particles in interstellarspaceEdna DeVoreEdna DeVore directs Education andPublic OutreachJenny ChynowethJenny Chynoweth is the TeamSETICoordinator and liaison for itsglobal membership community.Laurance DoyleLaurance Doyle is a PrincipalInvestigator pursuing the detectionof extrasolar planets aroundeclipsing binary starsBruce ClarkeScientific ProgrammerFrank DrakeFormer Director of the Carl SaganCenterAngela CoteraAngela Cotera is a PrincipalInvestigator studying both low andhigh-mass star formation in theGalaxy.Tsegereda EmbayeTsegereda Embaye is a ResearchAssociate, working on the OMEGA(Offshore Membrane Enclosuresfor Growing Algae) project.Cristina Dalle OreCristina M. Dalle Ore is a PrincipalInvestigator striving to decipherthe composition of the surface ofouter Solar System bodies.Emilio EnriquezJ. Emilio Enriquez is a TechnicalAssistant studying multipleasteroids under the supervision ofFranck Marchis.Roseann DeVastoRoseann DeVasto is assistant to theInstitute’s CEOSophie EssenSophie Essen is a graphic designerfor web and print.SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 39

SETI InstitutePaul EstradaPaul Estrada is a PrincipalInvestigator studying planet andsatellite formation, and planetaryring compositional and dynamicalevolution.Lisa FukushimaLisa Fukushima is the Institute’sfinancial controller.Lori FentonLori Fenton is a PrincipalInvestigator studying atmosphericcirculationUma GortiPrincipal InvestigatorSharrel FrazuerData Entry SpecialistLukas GruendlerLukas Gruendler is a researchassistant working on Mars analogsRichard FreedmanRichard Freedman is a PrincipleInvestigator using spectroscopyin the study of brown dwarfs andextrasolar planetsVirginia GulickGinny Gulick is a PrincipalInvestigator studying erosionprocesses on Earth and MarsRob FrenchRobert French is a ResearchAssistant studying Saturn’s ringsPamela HarmanPamela Harman is the Manager ofEducation and OutreachFriedemann FreundFriedemann Freund is a PrincipalInvestigator studying questionsrelated to the origin of life andto the processes underlying earlywarning signs for earthquakes.Gerry HarpGerry Harp is an astrophysicist whopursues experiments in SETI andunusual astronomical phenomena40 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

SETI InstituteDavid HinsonDavid Hinson is a PrincipalInvestigator studying the weatherand climate of Mars.Jon JenkinsJon Jenkins is the Co-Investigatorfor Data Analysis for NASA s KeplerMission.David HollenbachDavid Hollenbach is a PrincipalInvestigator studying starformation and the interstellarmedium.Peter JenniskensPeter Jenniskens is a meteorastronomer who studies the originand nature of all objects that fallfrom space to EarthWendy HortonWendy Horton is the HumanResources Manager of the SETIInstituteJane JordanSoftware EngineerXinchuan HuangXinchuan Huang is a PrincipalInvestigator studying moleculesusing rovibrational infraredspectroscopyHiromi KagawaHiromi Kagawa is a principalinvestigator studying biofuelproduction from microalgae.Scott HubbardCarl Sagan Chair EmeritusBishun KhareBishun Khare is a physicist andPrincipal Investigator simulatingsurfaces and the atmospheres ofbodies such as Titan, Europa, Mars,and Enceladus.Stephen ImStephen Songjin Im is a researchassistant at NASA/Ames workingon data reduction and analysis.Helen KohnHelen Kohn is responsible forAccounts Payable at the SETIInstitute.SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 41

SETI InstituteDavid MorrisonDirector of the Carl Sagan CenterDanny OlsonDanny Olson is a research assistantworking on scientific programmingprojects and planetary dataarchiving with the Planetary RingsNode.Ignacio MosqueiraIgnacio Mosqueira is a principalinvestigator who investigates theformation of the Galilean moons.Cynthia PhillipsCynthia Phillips is a PrincipalInvestigator studying planetarygeologyMichelle MurrayMichelle Murray is the Institute’sFacilities ManagerTom PiersonChief Executive Officer andFounderChris NellerChris Neller, ExecutiveAdministrative Assistant for JillTarter,Director, Center for SETIResearch.Stuart PilorzStuart Pilorz is a PrincipalInvestigator working onmathematical models of radiationand heat flow in Saturn’s ringsGary NiederhoffGary Niederhoff is the assistantproducer of “Are We Alone?”, TheSETI Institute’s weekly science radioshow.Richard QuinnPrincipal InvestigatorKen OkutakeInformation Technology contractorElisa QuintanaElisa Quintana is a planetaryscientist, working on thecalibration and data validationsoftware for the Kepler Mission,and develops theoretical models ofterrestrial planet formation.SETI Institute Explorer | 2010 43

SETI InstituteMargaret RaceMargaret Race is an ecologist andPrincipal Investigator who workson Planetary ProtectionJoe RoserJoseph Roser is a research associatestudying the clustering of aromaticmolecules and the implications forastrochemistry.Kathy RagesKathy Rages is a PrincipalInvestigator studying Uranus andNeptune.John RossJohn Ross is the Institute’sobserving program fieldinstallation and lab managerCynthia RamseyerCynthia Ramseyer is an executiveassistant for the Institute’seducation and public outreacheffortsJennifer SavageEducation and Public OutreachinternAlessandra RiccaAlessandra Ricca is a computationalchemist and a PrincipalInvestigator, studying the spectralproperties of carbonaceousmolecular species and ices.Seth ShostakSeth Shostak is Senior Astronomerand also host of the Institute’sweekly science radio show.Jon RichardsJon Richards is a Senior SoftwareEngineer working on the ATAantenna control software.Mark ShowalterPrincipal InvestigatorHal RoeyHal Roey is Manager, Contracts andProcurementBrenda SimmonsBrenda Simmons is the Institute’sgrants administrator44 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

SETI InstituteJanet SimpsonJanet Simpson is a PrincipalInvestigator studying massivestar formation and the chemicalevolution of galaxies.Doug VakochDoug Vakoch is Director ofInterstellar Message CompositionRobert SlawsonBob Slawson is an astronomer whouses the Kepler telescope to searchfor extra-solar planets in binarystar systemsJeffrey Van CleveJeffrey Van Cleve enjoys explainingKepler to the scientific communityand to the public, so all may sharethe wonder of this experimentDavid SummersDavid Summers is a chemistworking on Astrobiologicalresearch involving understandingthe origin of life and ways tosearch for life.Barbara VanceBarbara Vance is the Institute’sGrants AdministratorJill TarterJill Tarter is Director, Center forSETI Research and holds theBernard M. Oliver Chair for SETIArthur WeberArthur Weber is a Principalinvestigator studying the chemistryof the origin of lifePeter TenenbaumPeter Tenenbaum is a ScientificProgrammer on the Kepler Mission.Esther WeberEsther Weber is a technicianworking in the Laboratory ofMolecular Evolution at NASA AmesResearch CenterJoseph TwickenJoseph Twicken is a SeniorScientific Programmer in the KeplerScience Operation Center.Hayley WuHayley Wu is a ScientificProgrammer working on the KeplerMissionSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 45

SETI InstitutePicture Not AvailableRobert Ackermann is a software scientist/engineer whohelped build the Allen Telescope Array control systemand is now part of the setiQuest projectJack Arbunich, Student AssistantRoss Beyer studies planetary geomorphology and the creationof terrain from planetary images. He also works on severalspacecraft teams.Nathan Bramall, Research AssociateLisa Chu-Thielbar is a writer and communication specialistfor the Commercial Re-usable Suborbital Research Program(CRuSR) at NASA Ames Research Center.Robert Dahlgren is an electrical engineer and physiciststudying the electromagnetic signals associated with thebuildup of tectonic stresses, seismicity, and aftershocks.Alfonso F. Davila is a Principal Investigator studying martianhabitabilityAlberto Fairén is a Principal Investigator studying thegeochemistry and hydrogeology of primeval Mars andtheir biological implications.Mitch Gordon is a Principal Investigator and Deputy Managerof the Rings Node of NASA’s Planetary Data System.Edmond Grin is a Research Scientist studying Mars geologyand exploring terrestrial analog environments in desertsShawn Hart is a Research Assistant working with VirginiaGulick on Mars geomorphology, autonomous rockidentification, and HiRISE targeting.Neil Heather, Systems EngineerHiroshi Imanaka, Research AssociateGail Jacobs, Executive Administrative Assistant to KarenRandall, the Director, Special ProjectsMohiuddin Kabir is a Principal Investigator working toconstruct stable and stereospecific biosensors for markersof extraterrestrial life.Paul Kalas images comet belts and planets circling otherstars.Rose Kontak works in policy, administration and communicationswith Janice Bishop and her team, and the EarthScience Women’s Network.Michael Kubo is a Technician studying the biogeochemistryof hydrothermal and hypersaline Mars analog environments.Darlene Lim is a Principal Investigator studying planetaryanalog settings with a focus on lacustrine environmentsEric Nedervold, Scientific ProgrammerMario Parente is an electrical engineer studying statisticalalgorithms to infer the composition of the Martiansurface from hyperspectral images.Karen Randall, Director, Special ProjectsCindy Taylor, Research AssistantMario Valenti, InternMarilyn Vogel, Research AssociateJudson Wynne is a speleologist developing cavedetection techniques that can be used to target areas tosearch for life on Mars.$Support the work ofthe SETI Institute today!For more information, completely fill out this form and mail to:SETI Institute515 N. Whisman RoadMountain View, CA 94043Name:Address:Send me information on the SETI Institute’s PlannedGiving Program.I want to know more about gifts to the SETI institutethat provide me with income for life.Send me information on including the SETI Institute inmy will.I have already included the SETI Institute in my will.City: State: Zip:Phone:Email:Explorer201046 SETI Institute Explorer | 2010

... our Universeis infinite, in astate of constantchange, andfilled with life ...Plan for Your Future and the Future of SciencePlanned gifts of estate assets are a wonderful way to support the work of the SETI Institute.By including a contribution to the Institute in your will or living trust, you provide essentialsupport for the Institute’s mission. A provision in your will allows you to make a substantialcontribution without diminishing the assets available to you during your lifetime.Before making any gift to the Institute, you should consult with your accountant, counsel,or financial advisor for a thorough analysis of your individual situation. If you have alreadyincluded the SETI Institute as a beneficiary of your will, please let us know so that we canrecognize your generosity. Please contact us at 1-866-616-3617.BequestsThe most common type of planned gift isa bequest, in which a donation to the SETIInstitute is included in your will. You maymake a bequest to the Institute by preparinga new will or by adding a codicil to yourpresent will – a simple statement spellingout the beneficiary organization and thegift. You may choose to bequest a specificdollar amount, a percentage of your totalestate, or particular securities or other property.Specific Bequest:You specify the amount of money that theSETI Institute is to receive.Residuary Bequest:The Institute receives all or a portion of anestate after all debts, taxes, expenses andother bequests have been made.Contingent Bequest: The Institute becomesthe beneficiary only if the namedbeneficiary is unable to accept the bequest,for example if a spouse or another beneficiarypredeceases you.In your will, include:SETI Institute515 N. Whisman RoadMountain View, CA 94043-2172The SETI Institute is a nonprofit,charitable, California public-benefit corporation.Gifts of Life InsuranceYou can name the Institute as a beneficiaryor owner of a new or existing life insurancepolicy. A gift of life insurance allows for asignificant long-term gift for a modest currentcost. You are entitled to an income taxdeduction for the policy and, if you continueto pay the premiums, a deduction equalto the annual payments.Brokerage:Morgan Stanley, Palo AltoAccount: 112-123448-152DTC: 015Account name: SETI InstituteWhy I SupportTeamSETII joined TeamSETI becauseit is my belief our Universeis infinite, in a state of constantchange, and filled withlife. Perhaps a life form closeto us in terms of evolutionarydevelopment may be trying tomake contact, and just mayneed a little help, as we do.We, as an intelligent lifeform, should seek to learn ingeneral, and to learn in particular,what is out there, forthe benefit of mankind andall life forms.The SETI Institute provides usthat opportunity.Herb Perkins,TeamSETI member since 2001To make certain that your exact intentions arecarried out, wills and codicils should be preparedby, or with the advice of, your attorney.Call us today at 1-866-616-3617 to discuss your goals and let us help you plan arewarding and satisfying planned gift, or email us at legacy@seti.orgSETI Institute Explorer | 2010 47

Image: NNON PROFITU.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO.130MOUNTAIN VIEW, CAThe SETI Institute’s headquarters until September 2010. (Photo by Seth Shostak)