Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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More attention needs to be paid to harvesting, currently a laborious and time-consuming operation. Rather than harvesting from a diverse age and size range of trees, the future is likely to relate to efficient harvesting techniques applicable to small-scale plantations. 11.2.5 Post harvest Shelling by hand is common practice in many countries. It requires eight man-hours to shell 45 kg of fruits. Further work on the development of small-scale shellers would be required to improve the efficiency of processing. Most of the rural and tribal peoples in different countries use tamarind products collected from nearby forests and non-forest areas. Processing technology at the producer level is lacking and heavy losses are reported. Simple methods for processing, storage and value addition should be developed. Although a number of processing technologies are available these are not widely disseminated among growers. This emphasises the need for extension programmes. The brown-red colour of the pulp starts to deteriorate in storage and becomes black within a year. Improved methods for processing and storage need to be developed and standardised. Destruction of the pulp by insects and fungi during storage is also a problem and this needs attention by food technologists. There is a need to develop technologies for manufacturing tamarind products to make better use of the pulp and seeds which are produced in large quantities in most tamarind-growing countries. Value addition through product diversification is another area that deserves research attention. 11.2.6 Good economics and marketing Whereas some data exist on marketing, most marketing systems are traditional and at the farm-gate. Prices received by growers and collectors are low. It will be essential to organise marketing channels, such as village level co-operatives, fair price shops or similar marketing institutions, so that the primary producers are not forced to dispose of their produce at lower prices. Local market surveys will be useful to identify potential markets for various products of tamarind. However, there is a total lack of socioeconomic research at all levels along the production to consumption chain where women, men and children are all involved. Benefits can be quantified as on-farm and off-farm incomes and these measured in purchasing powers, credit, education opportunities etc. Whilst tamarind remains underutilised benefits from it can be lumped with other minor forest products but this is inappropriate if tamarind production is to be vigorously promoted. 134
11.2.7 International trade It is noted that international trade, albeit small, is well established. This would be strengthened by the adoption of quality control standards but this requires research and policy changes by authorities. 11.2.8 Genetic conservation Tamarind is so widespread that little attention has been paid to genetic conservation. Any needs for this will become much more apparent as soon as enhanced research on patterns of variation (see 11.2.1) is carried out. Existing ex situ collections are in no way conservation collections since they relate to working collections for selection or adaptation for tests of introduced materials. As genetic improvement is enhanced the landmark genetic lines will need to be conserved and collections will need to be more comprehensive. The genetic improvement itself would benefit from the inclusion in those collections of more representative variability, probably based on identification of ecotypes or geographical variants. For the rehabilitation of degraded vegetation there is a justification for ex situ storage of seeds of diverse populations so that they may be used in any rehabilitation attempts to put back adequate heterozygosity. It would be interesting to carry out research to see whether clonal materials grown on marginal areas could, through propagation of their seeds, provide adequate heterozygosity for rehabilitation of vegetation, in which case seed storage would be needed as a back-up to other genetic conservation techniques. 135
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Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
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ICUC The International Centre for U
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3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
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CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
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Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
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Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
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Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
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1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
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A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
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Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
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plantation scale in India and Thail
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Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
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Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
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Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
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value. It also contains 14-18% albu
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Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
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content. The composition of tamarin
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is therefore, not advisable (Maille
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seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
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hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
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3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
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presence of saponins in the fruit (
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3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
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set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
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3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
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covers the product. Tamarind pickle
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The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
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Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
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ainfall; this is due in part to its
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and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
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the seeds’ volume and weight, and
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Mechanical scarification has also b
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spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
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months old and of uniform size shou
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The girdling of etiolated shoots re
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(84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
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transporting them. Overgrown seedli
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of aspects of tree management are d
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light yellow in colour, have been r
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5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
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5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
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The ripening pods of tamarind are a
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the tree is famous for its fine cul
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5.5.3 Large and small scale product
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Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
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Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94: Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96: Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102: An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103 and 104: outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108: Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110: 7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 113 and 114: Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
Page 115 and 116: 8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118: degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122: Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124: Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126: or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128: The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130: statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132: � Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134: intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136: Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138: Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 139 and 140: The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142: tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143: an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 147 and 148: Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150: Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152: Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154: FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156: (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158: Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160: Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
Page 161 and 162: Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
Page 163 and 164: Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
Page 165 and 166: Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
Page 167 and 168: Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
Page 169 and 170: Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
Page 171 and 172: Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
Page 173 and 174: Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
Page 175 and 176: Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
Page 177 and 178: Department of Food Technology Feder
Page 179 and 180: COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
Page 181 and 182: Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
Page 183 and 184: Small Industry Extension Training I
Page 185 and 186: PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
Page 187 and 188: Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
Page 189 and 190: PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
Page 191 and 192: Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
Page 193 and 194: act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
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pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
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geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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