Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Country Language Name(s) Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Elsewhere Virgin Islands Telegu Tamil Assamese Gujarati Nepali Newari Tagalog Bisaya Ilokano Sinhala Tamil general northern peninsular Arabic Creole Dutch English French German Italian Portuguese Spanish chinta puli, pulian tetili amali, ambali asam jawa, assam, tambaring asam jawa magyi, magyee majee-pen ttri, imli titis, paun sampalok kalamagi salomagi siyambala, maha siyambala puli makham bakham somkham me, trai me tanan ardeib tamarenn tamarinde Madeira mahogany, tamarind, Indian date tamarin, tamarainer, tamarindier tamarinde tamarindizio tamarindo tamarin, tamarindo Source: Coronel (1991); Salim et al. (1998) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sites/TreeDBS/aft/speciesPrinterFriendly. asp?Id=1589 4
1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative morphology Tamarind is a long-lived, large, evergreen or semi-evergreen tree, 20-30 m tall with a thick trunk up to 1.5-2 m across and up to 8 m in circumference. The trunk forks at about 1 m above ground and is often multi-stemmed with branches widely spreading, drooping at the ends and often crooked but forming a spreading, rounded crown. The bark is brownish-grey, rough and scaly. Young twigs are slender and puberulent. A dark red gum exudes from the trunk and branches when they are damaged. Root Tamarind produces a deep tap root and an extensive lateral root system, but the tap root may be stunted in badly drained or compacted soils. The tap root is flexuous and lateral roots are produced from the main root at different levels. Leaves Leaves are alternate and even pinnate, in length (5-)7-12(-15) cm, shortly petiolated (up to 1.5 cm long) and petiole glabrous or puberulent as is the leaf rachis (Fig. 1.1). Laminae are glabrous or puberulent, glaucous underneath and darker green above. Venation is reticulate and the midrib of each leaflet is conspicuous above and below. Leaflets are in (6-)10-18(-20) pairs / leaf, each narrowly oblong, rounded at the apex and slightly notched and asymmetric with a tuft of yellow hairs; at the base obliquely obtuse or subtruncate. At the leaf base is a pulvinus and two small stipules 0.5-1.0 cm long which are caducous early on; stipules are falcate, acuminate and pubescent. A permanent scar is seen after leaf fall. Leaflets fold after dark due to the presence of lupeol synthesised when light and degraded in the dark (Ali et al., 1998). 5
Page 1 and 2: Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
Page 3 and 4: ICUC The International Centre for U
Page 5 and 6: 3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
Page 9 and 10: Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
Page 13: Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
Page 17 and 18: A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
Page 19 and 20: Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
Page 21 and 22: plantation scale in India and Thail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
Page 27 and 28: Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
Page 29 and 30: value. It also contains 14-18% albu
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
Page 33 and 34: content. The composition of tamarin
Page 35 and 36: is therefore, not advisable (Maille
Page 37 and 38: seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
Page 39 and 40: hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
Page 41 and 42: 3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
Page 43 and 44: presence of saponins in the fruit (
Page 45 and 46: 3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
Page 47 and 48: set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
Page 49 and 50: 3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
Page 51 and 52: covers the product. Tamarind pickle
Page 53 and 54: The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
Page 55 and 56: Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
Page 57 and 58: ainfall; this is due in part to its
Page 59 and 60: and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
Page 61 and 62: the seeds’ volume and weight, and
Page 63 and 64: Mechanical scarification has also b
Page 65 and 66:
spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
Page 67 and 68:
months old and of uniform size shou
Page 69 and 70:
The girdling of etiolated shoots re
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(84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
Page 73 and 74:
transporting them. Overgrown seedli
Page 75 and 76:
of aspects of tree management are d
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light yellow in colour, have been r
Page 79 and 80:
5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
Page 81 and 82:
5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
Page 83 and 84:
The ripening pods of tamarind are a
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the tree is famous for its fine cul
Page 87 and 88:
5.5.3 Large and small scale product
Page 89 and 90:
Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
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Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94:
Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96:
Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98:
Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100:
Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102:
An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103 and 104:
outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108:
Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110:
7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 113 and 114:
Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
Page 115 and 116:
8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118:
degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120:
Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122:
Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124:
Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126:
or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128:
The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130:
statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132:
� Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134:
intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136:
Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138:
Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 139 and 140:
The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142:
tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144:
an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146:
11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148:
Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150:
Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152:
Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154:
FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156:
(L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158:
Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160:
Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
Page 161 and 162:
Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
Page 163 and 164:
Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
Page 165 and 166:
Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
Page 167 and 168:
Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
Page 169 and 170:
Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
Page 171 and 172:
Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
Page 173 and 174:
Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
Page 177 and 178:
Department of Food Technology Feder
Page 179 and 180:
COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
Page 181 and 182:
Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
Page 183 and 184:
Small Industry Extension Training I
Page 185 and 186:
PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
Page 187 and 188:
Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
Page 189 and 190:
PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
Page 191 and 192:
Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
Page 193 and 194:
act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
Page 195 and 196:
pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
Page 197 and 198:
geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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