Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Table 10.7 Tamarind exports (mt) from Sri Lanka, 1996-1998 Country Year 1996 1997 1998 Mt Rs Mn Mt Rs Mn Mt Rs Mn Australia 6 0.48 - - - - Canada - - 1 0.08 - - Egypt - - 1 0.07 - - India - - 20 0.28 21 0.23 Lebanon - - - - 2 0.27 Norway 0.9 0.09 - - - - Pakistan 1783 21.99 6589 72.93 841 10.16 Saudi Arabia - - - - 3 0.39 Switzerland 2 0.11 - - - - UAE 21 0.37 292 3.60 44 0.88 1813 23.04 6903 76.96 911 11.93 Source: Sri Lanka Customs Reports, 1996-98 The Philippines have been exporting glazed or crystallised tamarind annually to North America and Guam since 1977, the current export figure is 30,000 kg annually. The Philippines also exports fresh pods of the sweet type to France, Europe and the USA. Indonesia also exports about 20,000 tonnes of tamarind, mainly to Australia (Vinning and Moody, 1997. Figure 10.3 below). The prices have increased by nearly 50% over five years. In the Australian market, the price per kilogram is $A 0.5. 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Tons TAMARIND - INDONESIA Exports, 1990-95 US$ / kg 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 Figure 10.3 Tamarind exports from Indonesia 1990-1995 (Source: Vinning and Moody, 1997) 128 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Volume Value
The major importers of fresh tamarind fruits and products are the United Kingdom, and France for European countries and the USA. Some of these countries import tamarind for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and some 90,000 kg (88.6 tonnes) of pulp has been imported annually for the drug trade. Most of these supplies are from India and the Greater Antilles. Apart from Thailand and the Philippines, tamarind is also imported to the USA from Nicaragua and many other Central American countries. It is one of the few products that does not require an import permit from the USDA, does not require classification and can be stored for up to six months without degradation of quality. The United Kingdom imports tamarind throughout the year from four countries, and apart from Asian countries also imports from Brazil and Venezuela. Venezuelan suppliers reach the markets from June to September. The prices per kilogram of sweet tamarind fruits vary from £1.25 in Indian groceries to £2.30 in major supermarkets. The fresh fruit supplies to France are from Thailand and the wholesale prices are consistent, averaging Ff 58- 60 per kilogram of sweet fruit. The degree of consistency in the price suggests that the market is very small. 129
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Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
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ICUC The International Centre for U
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3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
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CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
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Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
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Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
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Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
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1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
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A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
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Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
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plantation scale in India and Thail
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Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
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Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
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Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
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value. It also contains 14-18% albu
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Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
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content. The composition of tamarin
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is therefore, not advisable (Maille
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seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
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hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
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3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
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presence of saponins in the fruit (
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3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
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set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
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3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
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covers the product. Tamarind pickle
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The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
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Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
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ainfall; this is due in part to its
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and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
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the seeds’ volume and weight, and
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Mechanical scarification has also b
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spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
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months old and of uniform size shou
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The girdling of etiolated shoots re
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(84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
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transporting them. Overgrown seedli
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of aspects of tree management are d
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light yellow in colour, have been r
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5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
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5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
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The ripening pods of tamarind are a
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the tree is famous for its fine cul
Page 87 and 88: 5.5.3 Large and small scale product
Page 89 and 90: Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
Page 91 and 92: Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94: Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96: Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102: An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103 and 104: outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108: Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110: 7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 113 and 114: Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
Page 115 and 116: 8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118: degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122: Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124: Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126: or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128: The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130: statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132: � Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134: intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136: Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137: Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 141 and 142: tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144: an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146: 11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148: Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150: Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152: Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154: FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156: (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158: Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160: Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
Page 161 and 162: Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
Page 163 and 164: Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
Page 165 and 166: Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
Page 167 and 168: Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
Page 169 and 170: Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
Page 171 and 172: Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
Page 173 and 174: Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
Page 175 and 176: Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
Page 177 and 178: Department of Food Technology Feder
Page 179 and 180: COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
Page 181 and 182: Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
Page 183 and 184: Small Industry Extension Training I
Page 185 and 186: PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
Page 187 and 188: Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
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PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
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Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
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act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
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pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
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geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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