Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Lewis et al. (2005) have summarised the latest morphological and molecular analyses and continued work will clarify the exact positioning of Tamarindus in relation to its putatively related genera. Tamarindus itself is a monotypic genus, containing the sole species T. indicus. 1.3 Nomenclature Tamarindus indicus L. Species Plantarum (1753) 34 It is thought that Linnaeus gave the specific epithet indicus because the name tamarind itself was derived from Arabic which combined Tamar meaning ‘date’ with Hindi meaning ‘of India’. The full Arabic name was Tamar-u’l- Hind and the word date included because of the brown appearance of tamarind pulp. Subsequent botanists differentiated between tamarind from the West Indies (T. occidentalis Gaertn.) and tamarind from the East Indies (T. officinalis Hook.). Jackson (1895) in Index Kewensis, found these names to be superfluous and the descriptions insufficient to separate the two species. 1.3.1 Vernacular names The local names used in various regions and languages are shown in Table 1.1. Ethiopia Kenya Table 1.1 Common/vernacular names of tamarind Country Africa Language Name(s) Bemba mushishi Fula dabe, jammeth, jammi Jola budahar Mandinka timbimb, timbingo, tombi, tomi Tigrina humer Wolof daharg, dakah, dakhar, nclakhar Amharic Tigrina Gamo/Oromo Swahili Masai Turkana Borana hemor, homor, humar, komar, tommar arabeb b/roka, racahu, dereho, dindie, ghroma, gianko, omar mkwaju ol-masamburai eopduran roka 2
Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nigeria Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Asia Cambodia China India (Hyderabad) (Mysore) Luo Meru Pökot Chewa Yao Nkande Somali Afrikaans Arabic Nuba Swahili Teso Teso/Karamojong Bari/Ma’di Acholi/Lango Kakwa/Acholi Luganda Bemba Nyanja Tonga Khmer Sino-Tibetan Hindi Sanskrit Bengali Marathi Kannada Coorg Uriya Gondi chwa. waa muthithi oran ukwaju, bwemba mkwesu nkewesu tsamiya hamar tamarinde aradeib, tamarihindi shekere, kuashi, danufi ukwaju esukuru, esuguguru (leaves) e/apedura (fruit) iti chwa/o pitei mukoge mushishi mwemba musika ‘am’ pul, ampil, khoua me khaam, mak kham ambli, amli, imli amalika tintiri, tintul, tetul chinch, chitz, amli chis, hunchi karanji, kamal, asam, hunse hunase, unsi, hulimara pulinje koya, tentuli chita, hitta, sitta 3
Page 1 and 2: Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
Page 3 and 4: ICUC The International Centre for U
Page 5 and 6: 3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
Page 9 and 10: Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
Page 11: Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
Page 17 and 18: A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
Page 19 and 20: Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
Page 21 and 22: plantation scale in India and Thail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
Page 27 and 28: Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
Page 29 and 30: value. It also contains 14-18% albu
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
Page 33 and 34: content. The composition of tamarin
Page 35 and 36: is therefore, not advisable (Maille
Page 37 and 38: seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
Page 39 and 40: hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
Page 41 and 42: 3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
Page 43 and 44: presence of saponins in the fruit (
Page 45 and 46: 3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
Page 47 and 48: set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
Page 49 and 50: 3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
Page 51 and 52: covers the product. Tamarind pickle
Page 53 and 54: The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
Page 55 and 56: Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
Page 57 and 58: ainfall; this is due in part to its
Page 59 and 60: and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
Page 61 and 62: the seeds’ volume and weight, and
Page 63 and 64:
Mechanical scarification has also b
Page 65 and 66:
spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
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months old and of uniform size shou
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The girdling of etiolated shoots re
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(84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
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transporting them. Overgrown seedli
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of aspects of tree management are d
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light yellow in colour, have been r
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5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
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5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
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The ripening pods of tamarind are a
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the tree is famous for its fine cul
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5.5.3 Large and small scale product
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Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
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Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
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Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
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Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
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Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
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Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
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An experiment was conducted to eval
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outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108:
Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110:
7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 113 and 114:
Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
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8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
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degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
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Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122:
Tree to tree variation is widely ob
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Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
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or in combination. It was found tha
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The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130:
statistics are unavailable for thes
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� Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134:
intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136:
Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138:
Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
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The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142:
tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144:
an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146:
11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148:
Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150:
Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152:
Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154:
FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156:
(L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158:
Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160:
Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
Page 161 and 162:
Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
Page 163 and 164:
Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
Page 165 and 166:
Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
Page 167 and 168:
Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
Page 169 and 170:
Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
Page 171 and 172:
Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
Page 173 and 174:
Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
Page 177 and 178:
Department of Food Technology Feder
Page 179 and 180:
COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
Page 181 and 182:
Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
Page 183 and 184:
Small Industry Extension Training I
Page 185 and 186:
PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
Page 187 and 188:
Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
Page 189 and 190:
PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
Page 191 and 192:
Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
Page 193 and 194:
act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
Page 195 and 196:
pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
Page 197 and 198:
geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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