Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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selected in the Philippines and Thailand and are becoming popular. Tamarind will continue to play a role in tree improvement programmes and sustainable development and it is important that horticultural scientists work with those involved in rural development so that the working collections can span all interests. Some of the potential characters that could be used in germplasm characterisation are listed in Table 8.1 (see plates 12-15). Studies in Karnataka which evaluated the correlation between different attributes of growth and fruits in 17 genotypes, and others in Thailand, are now standard guides for evaluation (Challapilli et al., 1955; Birdar and Hanamashetti, 2001). The length of the fruit is also reported to be positively correlated with fruit weight, pulp, and number of seeds. Fruit thickness was negatively correlated with fibre weight, seed weight and seed number. Since fruit length, weight and thickness are measures of fruit size, the larger the fruit, the heavier the pulp weight (Shivanandam and Raju, 1988). 8.3 Germplasm activities in different countries 8.3.1 Thailand In Thailand, wide genetic diversity in tamarind germplasm of both sweet and sour types has been observed in all regions. Germplasm collecting was undertaken in 1986 and 1987. A total of 1811 accessions were collected during this period. Several other accessions, such as No: 86-2-23-017, No: 86-13-008 I and No: 87-2-01-035 have been selected for improvement for industrial purposes (Feungchan et al., 1996 a). Some of the names given to the selections relate to the district from where the clone was first selected (e.g. Jae Hom) or the name of the grower (e.g. Muen Chong). Fruits with red and brown coloured pulp have also been found in the accessions from Thailand (see Plate 15). At the University of Khon Kaen, cultivar selection is more advanced than in other countries. Several accessions have been selected which are potentially high yielding. In Thailand, there are more than 50 sweet tamarind cultivars under cultivation. They include Muen Chong, Sri Tong, Nam Pleung, Jae Hom, Kun Sun, Kru Sen, Nazi Zad and Sri Chompoo. A cultivar commonly grown and popular with Thai farmers is Makham Waan. 102
Table 8.1 Characters useful to distinguish tamarind cultivars Plant part Character Tree Tree form Shoot Flower Pod Pulp Seed Yield Biochemical Others Terminal shoot length Colour of petals (dark pink to whitish cream) Number of inflorescences per branch Number of flowers per inflorescence Flowering pattern (early - late) Pod form, length, breadth, curvature, shape Pod weight Colour of shell Pulp colour, (red/whitish) Pulp:shell ratio Real pulp value Pulp yield Pulp recovery percentage Fibre content Ease of pulp extraction Colour Weight of pulp Number of seeds per pod Seed:pulp ratio Total yield of pods Alternate/ regular bearing habit Sweetness of pulp (ratio of tartaric acid:sugar) Ranges of protein, mineral and amino acid composition Resistance to salinity, drought, degraded soils, waterlogging, high pH, low pH, grazing, diseases and pests Thai researchers developed a specific formula for primary screening. The formula is expressed as Real Value of Pulp (RVP) where: RVP = (Percentage pulp weight) x (Pulp weight / 100). Based on the RVP seven outstanding accessions were identified out of 283 accessions (Table 8.2). 103
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Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
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ICUC The International Centre for U
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3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
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CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
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Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
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Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
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Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
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1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
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A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
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Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
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plantation scale in India and Thail
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Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
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Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
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Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
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value. It also contains 14-18% albu
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Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
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content. The composition of tamarin
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is therefore, not advisable (Maille
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seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
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hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
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3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
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presence of saponins in the fruit (
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3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
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set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
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3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
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covers the product. Tamarind pickle
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The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
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Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
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ainfall; this is due in part to its
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and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
Page 61 and 62: the seeds’ volume and weight, and
Page 63 and 64: Mechanical scarification has also b
Page 65 and 66: spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
Page 67 and 68: months old and of uniform size shou
Page 69 and 70: The girdling of etiolated shoots re
Page 71 and 72: (84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
Page 73 and 74: transporting them. Overgrown seedli
Page 75 and 76: of aspects of tree management are d
Page 77 and 78: light yellow in colour, have been r
Page 79 and 80: 5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
Page 81 and 82: 5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
Page 83 and 84: The ripening pods of tamarind are a
Page 85 and 86: the tree is famous for its fine cul
Page 87 and 88: 5.5.3 Large and small scale product
Page 89 and 90: Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
Page 91 and 92: Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94: Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96: Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102: An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103 and 104: outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108: Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110: 7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 111: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 115 and 116: 8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118: degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122: Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124: Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126: or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128: The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130: statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132: � Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134: intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136: Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138: Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 139 and 140: The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142: tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144: an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146: 11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148: Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150: Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152: Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154: FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156: (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158: Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160: Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
Page 161 and 162: Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
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Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
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Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
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Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
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Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
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Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
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Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
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Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
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Department of Food Technology Feder
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COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
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Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
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Small Industry Extension Training I
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PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
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Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
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PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
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Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
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act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
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pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
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geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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