Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Ideotype identification should focus on specific services and products that could be marketed, either locally or internationally. The proposed characteristics for a general tamarind ideotype are shown in Table 7.4. Table 7.4 Proposed characteristics for tamarind ideotype Tree parts Characters for desirable ideotypes Stem/root Strong, short, 3-5m, multiple branches for sweet types, normal tall trees for sour types Tap root deep and strong Shoot Longer terminal shoot Bearing Early, 4th or 5th year, flowering period long, regular habit Fruit Heavy and fleshy, sweet/acidic pulp depending on market, high pulp recovery, high in nutrients Yield High, 600-800 kg/tree/year Adaptability Wide adaptability, resistance to pests and diseases 7.4 Enhancing improvement In order to enhance genetic improvement there is a clear need to understand the variation within the species and this will only emerge when the genepool has been sampled from across its geographical range and analysed. This will lead to the availability to those involved with genetic enhancement of a wider range of germplasm. Such germplasm will require focused characterisation and evaluation and selection of higher-yielding lines based on phenology (early, regular, and year round production), yield (high pod numbers), desirable fruit characters (weight, real value of pulp, high nutritive composition) and tolerance or resistance to the major pests and diseases. The use of molecular markers in selection of traits with low heritability will also deserve attention. 100
Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 Introduction H.P.M. Gunasena and D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara Although there is a wealth of tamarind germplasm across the regions where it occurs in the wild or has been naturalised, no systematic germplasm collection and evaluation has been attempted to date in spite of the current value and future potential of the crop. Most countries have not considered it as a priority species. This may be due to its present modest utility value and wide use in subsistence economies. Tamarind populations are also not considered endangered and hence there is low priority for its conservation. However, several countries in Africa have prioritised tamarind for conservation. In Sudan prioritisation for genetic conservation has been studied by collecting information through on-market surveys of non-wood products in relation to export and home consumption (FNC/FAO, 1995). These surveys revealed that tamarind products used for home consumption ranked number one among the species studied. Other countries in Africa, (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Nigeria and Senegal) have prioritised it for conservation based on its utilisation and value. Accordingly, the need to explore, collect, evaluate, conserve and use tamarind germplasm has been emphasised (FAO, 1999). These studies as well as other consumer surveys conducted in India (Marothia and Gauraha, 1992) show that although tamarind does not contribute in a major way to the economy nor is it traded extensively in the international market, it is of overwhelming importance to local people in rural areas and worthy of conservation. 8.2 The need for working collections The wide variability that exists in tamarind in terms of acidity of the pulp, pod bearing ability and pod size has to be used for genetic improvement in countries of Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. In order to incorporate such traits, germplasm collections have to be available in each region for scientists to work on. The collections should be subjected to continued evaluation to select and release desirable types. In this respect an African Tamarind Network has been formed to study genetic variation in the African tamarind under the sponsorship of ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, (Simons, 1998 personal communication). From such diverse germplasm, plants with sweeter, more juicy pulp and other desirable characteristics can be selected for tree improvement programmes. In recent years less acidic, sweet tamarind types have been 101
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Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
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ICUC The International Centre for U
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3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
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CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
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Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
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Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
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Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
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1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
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A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
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Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
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plantation scale in India and Thail
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Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
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Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
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Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
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value. It also contains 14-18% albu
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Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
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content. The composition of tamarin
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is therefore, not advisable (Maille
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seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
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hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
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3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
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presence of saponins in the fruit (
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3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
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set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
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3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
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covers the product. Tamarind pickle
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The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
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Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
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ainfall; this is due in part to its
Page 59 and 60: and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
Page 61 and 62: the seeds’ volume and weight, and
Page 63 and 64: Mechanical scarification has also b
Page 65 and 66: spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
Page 67 and 68: months old and of uniform size shou
Page 69 and 70: The girdling of etiolated shoots re
Page 71 and 72: (84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
Page 73 and 74: transporting them. Overgrown seedli
Page 75 and 76: of aspects of tree management are d
Page 77 and 78: light yellow in colour, have been r
Page 79 and 80: 5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
Page 81 and 82: 5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
Page 83 and 84: The ripening pods of tamarind are a
Page 85 and 86: the tree is famous for its fine cul
Page 87 and 88: 5.5.3 Large and small scale product
Page 89 and 90: Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
Page 91 and 92: Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94: Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96: Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102: An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103 and 104: outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
Page 107 and 108: Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109: 7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 113 and 114: Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
Page 115 and 116: 8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118: degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122: Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124: Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126: or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128: The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130: statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132: � Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134: intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136: Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138: Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 139 and 140: The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142: tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144: an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146: 11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148: Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150: Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152: Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154: FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
Page 155 and 156: (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
Page 157 and 158: Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
Page 159 and 160: Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
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Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
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Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
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Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
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Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
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Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
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Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
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Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
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Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
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Department of Food Technology Feder
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COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
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Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
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Small Industry Extension Training I
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PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
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Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
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PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
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Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
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act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
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pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
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geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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