Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Preface For the past six years the International Centre for Underutilised Crops has been disseminating information on production, utilisation, processing and marketing of a series of high priority underutilised tropical fruits. In this endeavour ICUC has been generously supported by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK. The project has been entitled ‘Fruits for the Future’. For each fruit a monograph has been issued as well as a manual aimed at the implementation of production at the farmer level. The first monograph in a series was on tamarind authored by Prof. H.P.M. Gunasena of Sri Lanka and Miss A. Hughes of ICUC. The preparation of the monograph drew upon the expertise of a wide range of scientists in all parts of the world and resulted in a publication in 2000 which ICUC made available to all those with an interest in the culture and utilisation of tamarind. The monograph was exceedingly well received judging from its recipients’ responses and ICUC was continually asked for more information. It soon became apparent that interest in this particular underutilised fruit species was accelerating and the research expanding. For these reasons it was agreed that a revised monograph should be issued as Fruits for the Future Monograph 1 to supersede the original. We would like to thank all contributors of the revised edition and it is hoped that this current revised monograph will be even more useful for teachers, students, extensionists, policy makers, fruit tree growers and traders so that they may become instrumental in promoting the enhanced production, processing and marketing of tamarind. Editors 2006 x
Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy, Description and Distribution 1.1 Introduction J.T. Williams Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L., is a multipurpose tropical fruit tree used primarily for its fruits, which are eaten fresh or processed, used as a seasoning or spice, or the fruits and seeds are processed for non-food uses. The species has a wide geographical distribution in the subtropics and semiarid tropics and is cultivated in numerous regions. Tamarind belongs to the dicotyledonous family Leguminosae which is the third largest family of flowering plants with a total of 727 genera recognised and the number of species is estimated at 19,327 (Lewis et al., 2005). Tamarind is widely grown as a subsistence crop for meeting local demands. It is also grown commercially. Numerous national programmmes have recognised tamarind as an underutilised crop with wider potential since demand for products is substantial and the species can be incorporated into agroforestry systems. There are also well established international trade channels. Further exploitation of tamarind can therefore provide added incomes for poor rural people thereby improving their well-being. 1.2 Taxonomy 1.2.1 Tamarindus in the Leguminosae Tamarindus belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae which in turn has been variously divided into a number of tribes. Opinions are still divided on how many tribes there are, or indeed to which one Tamarindus belongs. Léonard (1957) included it in the Amherstieae (Pettigrew and Watson, 1977) which contains 25 genera. More recently it was included in the tribe Deterieae thought to be close to Amherstieae. The genus Heterosteman was thought to have some resemblance to Tamarindus (Dassanayake, 1999, pers. comm.) as do Amherstia and Brownea. Differences of opinion probably stemmed from the fact that morphological trends can occur independently in different groups of the Deterieae as suggested by Polhill and Raven (1981), this fact alone causing them to think that Amherstieae was not monophyletic. 1
Page 1 and 2: Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
Page 3 and 4: ICUC The International Centre for U
Page 5 and 6: 3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
Page 9: Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
Page 13 and 14: Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
Page 15 and 16: 1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
Page 17 and 18: A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
Page 19 and 20: Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
Page 21 and 22: plantation scale in India and Thail
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
Page 27 and 28: Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
Page 29 and 30: value. It also contains 14-18% albu
Page 31 and 32: Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
Page 33 and 34: content. The composition of tamarin
Page 35 and 36: is therefore, not advisable (Maille
Page 37 and 38: seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
Page 39 and 40: hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
Page 41 and 42: 3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
Page 43 and 44: presence of saponins in the fruit (
Page 45 and 46: 3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
Page 47 and 48: set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
Page 49 and 50: 3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
Page 51 and 52: covers the product. Tamarind pickle
Page 53 and 54: The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
Page 55 and 56: Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
Page 57 and 58: ainfall; this is due in part to its
Page 59 and 60: and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
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the seeds’ volume and weight, and
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Mechanical scarification has also b
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spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
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months old and of uniform size shou
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The girdling of etiolated shoots re
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(84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
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transporting them. Overgrown seedli
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of aspects of tree management are d
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light yellow in colour, have been r
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5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
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5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
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The ripening pods of tamarind are a
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the tree is famous for its fine cul
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5.5.3 Large and small scale product
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Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
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Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
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Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
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Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
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Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
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Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
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An experiment was conducted to eval
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outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
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Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1
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Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
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7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
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Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
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8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
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degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
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Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
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Tree to tree variation is widely ob
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Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
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or in combination. It was found tha
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The profitability of seedling orcha
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statistics are unavailable for thes
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� Most of the exports are from on
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intervention will not only reduce e
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Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
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Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
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The major importers of fresh tamari
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tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
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an eco-geographic approach. Because
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11.2.7 International trade It is no
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Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
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Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
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Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
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FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
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(L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
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Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
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Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
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Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
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Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
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Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
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Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
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Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
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Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
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Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
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Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
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Department of Food Technology Feder
Page 179 and 180:
COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
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Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
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Small Industry Extension Training I
Page 185 and 186:
PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
Page 187 and 188:
Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
Page 189 and 190:
PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
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Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
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act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
Page 195 and 196:
pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
Page 197 and 198:
geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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