Tamarind monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Table 6.4 Effect of growth regulators on fruit setting of sweet tamarind Growth regulator Rate (ppm) Pods/plant 4CPA 10 144 15 216 NAA 100 117 150 107 GA3 10 72 15 103 SADH 200 83 300 80 Control - 81 Source: Feungchan et al. (1996 c). 94
Chapter 7. Genetic Improvement 7.1 Introduction H.P.M. Gunasena and D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara Although tamarind is an ancient domesticate, little attempt has been directed to its genetic improvement. This is understandable because tree improvement research that combines developmental and operational phases is time consuming and the large scale cultivation of tamarind is still in its early stages. Indigenous farmers have however selected planting materials from natural populations based on desirable and observable characteristics but such phenotypic selection means the growing stocks are virtually wild. Tamarind was recorded over a century ago as a variable species especially for pulp colour and sweetness (von Mueller, 1881). Since there is such extensive variation in characters such as foliage, flower and pod production and timber quality (Table 7.1), there is a considerable scope to improve the species. Improvement holds the key for boosting productivity and yield of the orchards and involves development of genotypes possessing desirable characters like fast growth, good tree form, high yield and resistance or tolerance to major pests, diseases and drought (Radhamani et al., 1998). Since the variation in pod length and pod width was found to be genotypic (Shivanandam and Raju, 1988; Hanamashetti, 1996). Similarly for other trials the potential for improvement depends on sampling the genetic variability available within and between populations. Hence, knowledge of genetic variation and structure of a species and genetic parameters of important traits are essential to develop effective improvement and conservation strategies. 7.2 Understanding the variations The apparent high observable variability within and between populations (Table 7.1) indicates that speedy benefits may be obtained by selecting superior trees within provenances and propagating such stocks as clones. A considerable variation in growth characters such as shoot length, root length, germination percentage, plant height and pinnae per plant has also been observed in different populations (Challapilli et al., 1995; Bennet et al., 1997; Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). Recent studies on isozyme analysis of ten tamarind populations from Coimbatore, India identified 12 loci with 25 alleles (Shanthi, 2003). All populations had more than 50% polymorphic loci (range from 50-75%). The mean number of alleles per locus was 1.85 (range from 1.6-2.0). Mean heterozygosity observed among 10 populations ranged from 0.085-0.154 whilst mean heterozygosity expected according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ranged from 0.163-0.258. 95
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Fruits for the Future 1 Revised edi
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ICUC The International Centre for U
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3.5.4 Bark, flower and root........
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CHAPTER 10. ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION
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Figures 1.1 Compound leaves and lea
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Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy,
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Country Language Name(s) Malawi Nig
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1.4 Description 1.4.1 Vegetative mo
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A 1 cm B 7 1 cm D C E F 1 cm 1 cm F
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Each pod contains 1-12 seeds which
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plantation scale in India and Thail
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Chapter 2. Properties of the Specie
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Table 2.3 Some physico-chemical pro
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Table 2.4 Proximate composition of
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value. It also contains 14-18% albu
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Table 2.8 Fatty acid composition of
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content. The composition of tamarin
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is therefore, not advisable (Maille
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seasoning for cooked rice, meat and
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hydrogen cyanide, trypsin inhibitor
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3.4.6 Wood Tamarind wood has many u
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presence of saponins in the fruit (
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3.5.5 Veterinary use Atawodi et al.
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set at 2.0% beyond which the jellie
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3.6.4 Tamarind pulp powder Tamarind
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covers the product. Tamarind pickle
Page 53 and 54: The seed testa contains 23% tannin,
Page 55 and 56: Patents granted (USPTO) Assignee/Ap
Page 57 and 58: ainfall; this is due in part to its
Page 59 and 60: and Madagascar (Bayala et al., 2003
Page 61 and 62: the seeds’ volume and weight, and
Page 63 and 64: Mechanical scarification has also b
Page 65 and 66: spent mushroom beds (1:1) and iii)
Page 67 and 68: months old and of uniform size shou
Page 69 and 70: The girdling of etiolated shoots re
Page 71 and 72: (84.1%), mean number of multiple sh
Page 73 and 74: transporting them. Overgrown seedli
Page 75 and 76: of aspects of tree management are d
Page 77 and 78: light yellow in colour, have been r
Page 79 and 80: 5.4.3.4 Irrigation Irrigation is no
Page 81 and 82: 5% Aldrin, where permitted, at 500
Page 83 and 84: The ripening pods of tamarind are a
Page 85 and 86: the tree is famous for its fine cul
Page 87 and 88: 5.5.3 Large and small scale product
Page 89 and 90: Plate 1. An inflorescence showing f
Page 91 and 92: Plate 6. Cleft grafting Plate 7. Gr
Page 93 and 94: Plate 10. Mass flowering of tamarin
Page 95 and 96: Plate 14. Variation in flower colou
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6. Reproductive Biology 6.1
Page 99 and 100: Table 6.1 Variation of flowering an
Page 101 and 102: An experiment was conducted to eval
Page 103: outcrossing. Heterogamous floral ad
Page 107 and 108: Divakara, 2002; Shanthi, 2003). A m
Page 109 and 110: 7.3.3 Ideotypes It is essential the
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.1 In
Page 113 and 114: Table 8.1 Characters useful to dist
Page 115 and 116: 8.3.3 India In India, most of the a
Page 117 and 118: degree of sweetness. In the Philipp
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 9. Harvest, Postharvest and
Page 121 and 122: Tree to tree variation is widely ob
Page 123 and 124: Feungchan et al. (1966 f) attempted
Page 125 and 126: or in combination. It was found tha
Page 127 and 128: The profitability of seedling orcha
Page 129 and 130: statistics are unavailable for thes
Page 131 and 132: � Most of the exports are from on
Page 133 and 134: intervention will not only reduce e
Page 135 and 136: Country Quantity (metric Table 10.4
Page 137 and 138: Table 10.6 Export of tamarind seeds
Page 139 and 140: The major importers of fresh tamari
Page 141 and 142: tamarinds. In Thailand and the Phil
Page 143 and 144: an eco-geographic approach. Because
Page 145 and 146: 11.2.7 International trade It is no
Page 147 and 148: Arroyo, M.K. (1978) Breeding system
Page 149 and 150: Brown, W.H. (1954) Useful Plants of
Page 151 and 152: Corner, E.J.H. (1945) Wayside Trees
Page 153 and 154: FAO (1999) Progress toward developm
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(L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
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Jaiwal, P.K. and Gulati, A. (1992)
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Kumar, K.P.V. and Sethuraman, M.G.
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Maille, P. (1991) Low-tech leaf mul
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Muok, B.O., Owuor, B., Dawson, I. a
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Perrier de la Bâthie, H. (1936) Bi
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Ramos, A. Visozo, A., Piloto, J., G
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Sasidharan, K.R., Nagarajan, B., Mo
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Sone, Y. and Sato, K. (1994) Measur
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Usha, K. and Singh B. (1996) Influe
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Appendix I. Institutions and indivi
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Department of Food Technology Feder
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COSTA RICA Consejo Nacional de Prod
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Dr V. Gomathi Dep. Environ. Sci. Ta
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Small Industry Extension Training I
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PERU Dr L. Guzman Programa Acad. Ag
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Dr. R.L. Whistler Whistler Centre f
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PHILIPPINES Institute of Plant Bree
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Viyai Seed Stores PO Ranjhawawala (
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act - a much-reduced leaf, particul
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pubescent - covered with hairs, esp
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geographical distribution, 1, 10, 4
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