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Influence of dietary protein content on gross protein:energy efficiency of Clarias gariepinus 217protein content that enhanced growth was 40%,while the micro encapsulated egg diet depressedgrowth. The 48.80 % CP in the diet used in thisstudy must have been in excess of the CP requiredby the fish to support efficient utilization ofavailable nutrients as was the case in Faturoti etal. (1986). From the present study, the relativelyhigher metabolizable energy:protein (ME:P) ratiorecorded for the 48.80% CP diet (9.88 kJ/mg) asagainst that of the 40% CP diet (7.6 kJ/mg) alsoagrees with the report of Cho (1981). The workerstipulated that a higher energy-protein ratio mayresult in inadequate protein intake and that theloss of most of the ingested nitrogen as ammoniamight retard the deposition of protein for tissueformation.Previous workers on other warm waterfishes have provided ME:P ratio that gave optimumgrowth with specified dietary protein levels.Jauncey (1982) reported an ME:P ratio of 27.81mg/kg for tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambius) fedwith 40% CP diet, while Mazid et al. (1979)estimated an ME:P ratio of 19.43 mg/kg for Tilapiazillii fed with 35% CP diet. Generally, it is obviousfrom various reports that ME:P ratio variessignificantly between fish species and withinspecies depending on the digestibility and aminoacid composition of the protein source, watertemperature (Hildalgo and Alliot, 1988) and theenvironmental parameters which affect theportioning of energy (De Silva and Anderson,1995). The lower values of DRG recorded at thehigher CP levels (43% to 48.80%) were in contrastwith the high DRG recorded at the lower CP levels(Table 5).This indicates that despite the nonsignificanteffect (P > 0.05) of the daily feedingrate (DRF) of fish among the test diets, thecontent of the diet, caused by the higher fibrecontents of some of the ingredients pronounced atthe higher CP levels. This must have also resultedin less protein being consumed for optimumgrowth. Dilution effect of bulk resulting from fibrehas been reported by Lovell (1989). The bestresponse of fish to the gross efficiency of foodconversion (GEFC) was within 37% and 40%dietary CP and this reflected the best weightincrease (MWG = 0.86 to 1.93 g); daily rate ofgrowth (DRG = 0.17 to 0.20 g) and nitrogenmetabolism (Nm = 12.62 to 13.43 g/100 g)obtained within the experimental period. The highNm and NPU (Table 5) recorded for 37 and 40%CP diets paralleled the relatively high proteincontents of the fish that were fed these diets(Table 3). It is hence obvious that the energycontent of the diets were optimum within this CPrange (37%- 40%) as to spare the protein fortissue formation. The decline in the GEFC of fishfed 43% to 48.80% diets conforms to the earlierThe decline in the GEFC of fish fed 43% to48.80% diets conforms to the earlier deductionsmade with respect to the diets. However, the netprotein utilization values for fish fed the 37 % to40 % CP diets were less than those fed at higherCP levels. This result varies from the results ofprevious worker such as Jauncey (1981) for tilapia(S. mossambicus); Ogino and Saito (1970) forcommon carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Mazid et al.(1979) for Tilapia zillii. These workers reported adecrease in NPU with increasing dietary proteinlevel. It could be that the C. gariepinus fry in thepresent study utilized protein at the higher CPlevels for other physiological processes than forprotein synthesis and growth. It is thereforeinferred that despite the apparently better utility ofprotein (NPU) by fish fed the higher CP diets,much of the ingested protein have been affectedby endogenous nitrogen losses resulting in itsunavailability for productive use by the fish.REFERENCESANDO, S. and MORI, Y. (1993). Characteristics ofSerum Lipoprotein features associatedwith Lipids level of muscle and liver fromfive species of fish. Nippon SuisanGakkaishi 59 (9): 1565 – 1571.BRETT, J. R. (1976). Scope for metabolism andgrowth of sockeye salmon,(Onyhorhynchus nerka) and some relatedenergetics. Journal of Fisheries ResearchBoard o f Canada 33: 30 7 – 313.DABROWSKI, K. (1977). Protein requirement ofcarp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val)Aquaculture, 10: 63 – 73.CHO, C. Y. (1981) Microencapsulated egg diet forfish larvae. FAO, Rome, ItalyADCP/REP/80/11.DE SILVA, S. S. and ANDERSON, T. A (1995). Fishnutrient in aquaculture. Chapman and HallLondon. 319 pp.FATUROTI, E. O. BALOGON., A. M. and UGWU, L.L. C. (1986). Nutrient utilization andgrowth responses of Clarias, Clariaslazera fed different dietary protein levels.Nigeria Journal of Applied Fisheries andHydrobiology, 1: 41 - 45.GERKING, S. D. 1972. Influence of rate of feedingand body weights upon proteinmetabolism of bluegill sunfish.Physiological <strong>Zoo</strong>logy, 44: 1 - 14.GOTTO, G. O. POWNALL, H. J. and HAVEL, R. J.(1986). Introduction to PlasmaLipoproteins. Pages 3 - 41. In: SEGREST,J. P. and ALBERS, J. J. (Eds.). Plasmalipoproteins. Academic Press Inc. Orlando,Florida.HILDALGO, F and ALLIOT, E. (1988). Influence ofwater temperature on protein requirementand protein utilization in juvenile sea bass
MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo et al. 218(Dicentrarchus labra). Aquacultur e , 64:209 - 217.ISHWATA, N. (1969). Ecological studies on thefeeding of fishes VII. Frequency offeeding and growth. Bulletin of JapaneseSociety of Scientific Fisheries, 35: 985 -989.JAUNCEY, K, (1982). The effects of varyingdietary protein level on the growth, foodconversion, protein utilization and bodycomposition of juvenile tilapia(Sarotherodon mossambicus).Aquaculture,27: 43 - 54.KAUSHIK, S. J., DOUDET, T., MEDOLE, F.,AGUIRRE, P. and BLANK, D. (1995).Protein and energy needs for maintenanceand growth of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus). Journal of Applied Ichthyology,11: 290 - 296.KIM, K. I., GRENSHOW, T. W, KAYES, T. B. andAMUNSO, C. H. (1992). Effects of fastingor feeding diets containing different levelsof protein and amino acid on the activitiesof the live amino acid-degrading enzymesand amino acid oxidation in rainbow trout(Onchorynchus mykis). Aquaculture,107: 89 – 105.LOVELL, T. (1989). Nutrition and feeding in fish.Van Nostrand, New York. 260 pp.MAZID, M. A., TANKA, Y., KATAYAMA, I.,RAHIMAN, M. A., SIMPSON, K. L. and CHICHESTER, O. C. (1979). Growth responsesof Tilapia zillii fingerlings fed iso-caloricdiets with variable protein levels.Aquaculture, 18: 115 -122.MILLER, B. and BENDER, A. (1955). Determinationof net utilization of protein by estimatedmethod. British Journal of Nutrition, 9:382 – 388.NEW, M. B. (1987). Feed and Feeding of Fish andShrimp – A Manual on the Preparation andPresentation of Compound Feeds forShrimp and Fish in Aquaculture.Aquaculture Development andCoordination Programme ADCP/REP/87/26. United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, FAO Rome. 275 pp.NIE, M.N., HULL, C. C. M. JENKIMS, J.G. TEIN-BRENNER, K. and BENT, D.H. (1975).Statistical package for social sciences: 2 nded. McGraw-Hill, New York. 155 pp.OGINO, C. and SAITO, K. (1970). Protein nutritionin fish 1. The utilization of dietary proteinby carp. Bulletin of Japanese Society o fScientific Fisheries, 39: 250 - 254.OGUNJI, J. O. and WIRTH, M. (2000). Effect ofdietary protein content on growth, foodconversion and body composition of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fedfishmeal diets. Journal of Aquaculture inthe Tropics , 15(4): 381 - 389.OGUNJI. J. O. and WIRTH, M. (2001). Alternativeprotein source as substitutes for fish mealin the diet of young tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus Linn.). Israeli Journal ofAquaculture, Bamidgeh, 43(1): 34 – 43.STEFFENS. W. (1989). Principles of fish nutrition.Euis Horwood, London. 384 pp.STEEL, R. G. D. and TORRIE, J. H. (1980).Principles and procedures of statistics: abiometrical approach. McGraw-Hill, NewYork, NY. 633 pp.UGWU, L. L. C., MGBENKA, B. O. NWAMBA, H. O.and ODO, B. I. (2001). NitrogenMetabolism and specific growth rate ofAfrica Catfish fry, Clarias gariepinus feddifferent dietary protein levels. Journal ofScience o f Agriculture Food Technologyand Environment, 1: 5 – 8.WANG, K TAKEUEHI, T. and WATANABE, T.(1985). Effect of dietary protein levels ongrowth of Tilapia niloticus . Bulletin ofJapanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,51: 133 – 140.WINDHAM, W. R. (1996). Animal feed. Pages 1 -38 (Chapter 4). In: C<strong>unn</strong>iff, P. (ed.).Official Methods of Analysis of Associationof Official Analytical ChemistsInternational (AOAC), 16 th edition Vol I,Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
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EYO, Joseph Effiong 276Karyotype ev
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EYO, Joseph Effiong 286Cyprinidae,
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