Animal waste management strategies 273and excreted phosphorus. Poultry Science,75: 52 – 60.BLANDER, R, J. and FLEGAL, C. (1997). The effectof Phytase on egg production and eggspecific gravity in laying hens. PoultryScience, 76(1): 3.CHOCT, M. (2001). Enzyme supplementation ofPoultry diets based on viscous cereals.Pages 145 - 160. In: BEDFORD M. R. andPARTRIDGE, G. C. (Ed). Enzymes in farmanimal nutrition. CABI Publishing.Wallingford, Oxon.COPPOOLSE, J., VAN VUREN, A. M., HUISMAN, J.,JANSSEN, W. M. M., JONGBLOED, A. W.,LENIS, N. P and SIMONS, P. C. M. (1990).The excretion of nitrogen, Phosphorusand potassium by farm animals, now andtomorrow. Landbouwtijdchrift, 45: 909 –927.CROMWELL, G. L. (1980). Biological availability ofPhosphorus in foodstuffs for swine.Foodstuffs, 52: 38 – 42.CROMWELL, G. L., COFFEY, R. D., MONEGNE, H.J. and RANDOLPH, J. H. (1993). Efficacyof low activity phytase in improving thebioavailability of phosphorus in cornsoybeanmeal diets for pigs. Journal o fAnimal Science, 73: 449 – 456.DUNGELHOEF, M and RODEHUTSCORD, M.(1995). Effect of phytase on thedigestibility of phosphorus in pigs. UlbersTierernhrg, 23: 133 – 157.DIERICK, N. A and DECUYPERE, J. A. (1994).Enzymes and growth in pigs. Pages 169 –195. In: COLE, D. J. A., WISEMAN, J. andVARLEY, M. A. (Ed). Principles of PigScience. Nottingham University Press,Leicestershire.EDENS, F, W., PARKHURST, C. R. andHARVENSTEIN, G. B. (1999). Allzymephytase reduces phosphorus and nitrogenexcretion by caged broilers and by broilersin conventional housing. Pages 491 – 150.In: LYON, T. P. and JACQUES, K. A. (Ed).Biotechnology in the feed industry.Proceedings of Alltech’s 15 th AnnualSymposium. Nottingham University Press.Nottingham.ERDMAN, J. W. (1979). Oil seed phytases.Nutritional implications. Journal of AnimalScience, 56: 736 – 741.GORANSSON, L. (1997). Alternatives to antibiotics– The influence of new feeding strategiesfor pigs on biology and performance.Pages 451 - 462. In: WISEMAN, J. andGARNSWORTHY, P. C. (Ed). Recentdevelopment in pig nutrition 3.Nottingham University Press. Nottingham.HEADON, D. R. and WALSH, G. (1994). Biologicalcontrol of pollutants. Pages 196 – 213.In: COLE, D. J. A., WISEMAN, J. andVARLEY, M. A. (Ed). Principles of PigScience. Nottingham University Press,Leicestershire.HORN, D. B. and SQUIRE, C. R. (1997). Animproved method for the estimation ofammonia in blood plasma. Journal ofVeterinary Science, 17: 99 – 108.JONGBLOED, A. W., KEMME, P. A. and MROZ, Z.(1993). The role of microbial phytase inpig production. Pages 173 – 180. In:WENK, C. and BOESSINGER, M. (Ed).Enzyme in Animal production. Proceedingsof the 1 st Symposium, Kartanse Ittingen,Switzerland.JONGBLOED, A. W. and MROZ, Z. (1999).Influence of phytase on availability ofphosphorus, amino acids and energy inswine. Pages 1 – 20. In: COLE, D. J. A.,WISEMAN, J. and VARLEY, M. A. (Ed).Principles of Pig Science. NottinghamUniversity Press, Nottingham.JONGBLOED, A. W., KEMME, P. A., MROZ, Z. andDIEPEN, H. T. M. (2000). Efficacy, useand application of microbial phytase in pigproduction, a review. Pages 111 – 130.In: LYONS, T. P. AND JACQUES, K. A.(ED). Biotechnology in the feed industry.Proceedings of Alltech’s 16 th AnnualSymposium. Nottingham University Press,Nottingham.KEMME, P. A., RADCLIFFE, J. S., JONGBLOED, A.W. and MROZ, Z. (1997a). The effect ofbody weight, housing, and calculationmethod on mineral digestibility and theefficacy of microbial phytase in diets f<strong>org</strong>rowing finishing pigs. Journal of AnimalScience, 75: 2139 – 2146.KEMME, P. A., RADCLIFFE, J. S., JONGBLOED, A.W., MROZ, Z. and BREYNEY, A. C.(1997b). The efficacy of Aspergillus nigerphytase in reducing phytate phosphorusavailable for absorption in pigs influencedby their physiological status. Journal ofAnimal Science, 75: 2129 – 2138.LENIS, N. P. and JONGBLOED, A. W. (1994).Modelling animal feed and environment toestimate nitrogen and mineral excretionby pigs. Pages 342 – 351. In : COLE, D. J.A., WISEMAN, J. and VARLEY, M. A.(Eds). Principles of Pig Science.Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.MAFF (1991). Code o f good agricultural practicefor the protection of water. Ministry ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Food, UnitedKingdom. 120 pp.MAFF (1996). Agriculture in the United Kingdom.Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodUnited Kingdom. 110 pp.
UCHEWA, Emmanuel Nwafoagu et al. 274NASI, M. (1990). Microbial phytase supplementationfor improving availability ofplant phosphorus in the diet of thegrowing pigs. Journal of AgriculturalScience, 62: 435 – 443.PEELER, H. T. (1972). Biological availability ofnutrients in feed. Availability of majormineral ions. Journal of Animal Science ,35: 695 – 699.QIAN, H. E., KORNEGAY, T. and DENBOW, D. M.(1996). Phosphorus equivalence ofmicrobial phytase in Turkey diets asinfluenced by calcium to phosphorusratios and phosphorus levels. PoultryScience, 75: 69 – 81.SCHONER, B. R. J., HOPPE, P. P., SCHWARZ, G.and WIEESCHE, H. (1991). Comparativeeffects of microbial phytase and in<strong>org</strong>anicphosphorus on performance and retentionof phosphorus, calcium and crude ash inbroilers. Journal of Animal Nutrition, 66:248 – 255.SCHONER, B. R. J., HOPPE, P. P., SCHWARZ, G.and WIEESCHE, H. (1993). Effects ofmicrobial phytase and in<strong>org</strong>anicphosphorus in broiler chickens:performance and mineral retention atvarious calcium levels. Journal of AnimalNutrition. 69: 235 – 244.SIMONS, P. C. M. and VERSTEEGH, H. A. J.(1992). The effect of the addition ofmicrobial phytase to layer feed on thetechnical result and skeleton and eggshellquality. Spelderholt Publication, No. 568:223 – 231.SIMONS, P. C. M., JONGBLOED, A. W.,VERSTEEGH, H. A. J., SLUMP, P., BOSS,K. D., WOLTERS, M. G. E., BENDEKER, R.F. and VERSCHOOR, G. J. (1990).Improvement of phosphorus availabilityby microbial phytase in broiler and pigs.British Journal of Nutrition, 64: 525 – 540.SWICK, R. A. and IVEY, F. J. (1990). Effect ofdietary phytase addition on broilerperformance in phosphorus deficientdiets, Poultry Science, 69: 133 – 142.TAMMINGA, S. and VERSTEGEN, M. W. A. (1992).Implications of nutrition of animals onenvironmental pollution. Pages 342 – 351.In: GARNSWORTHY, P. C., HARESIGN, W.and COLE, D. J .A. (Eds). RecentAdvances in Animal Nutrition. NottinghamUniversity Press. Nottingham.TAYLOR, A. J., COLE, D. J. A. and LEWIS, D.(1979). The effect of crystalline lysine inthe utilization of dietary protein by pigs.Journal o f Animal Science, 65: 481 – 487.VANKLOOSTER, C. E., van der PEET-SCHWERING,C. M. C., AARNINK, A. J. A. and LENIS, N.P. (1998). Pollution issues in pigoperations and the influence of nutrition,housing and manure handling. Pages 507– 518. In: WISEMAN, J., VARLEY, M. Aand CHADWICK, J. P. (Eds). Progress inPig Science. Nottingham University Press,Nottingham,VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING, C. M. C., VERDOES,N., VOERMANS, M. P and BEELEN, G. M.(1996). Animal Nutrition and ammoniaemission. Pages 618 – 626. In: VAN DERAAR, P. J., AARNINK, A. J. A., BLOK, M. Cand VAN VUUREN, A. M. (Eds). State ofthe art in research. The Netherlands.YI, Z., KORNEGAY, E. T. and DENBOW, D. M.(1996). Improving phytate phosphorusavailability in corn and soybean meal forbroilers using microbial phytase andcalculation of phosphorus equivalencyvalues for phytase. Poultry Science, 75:240 – 249.
- Page 1 and 2:
Animal ResearchInternational ®Anim
- Page 4 and 5:
Influence of dietary protein conten
- Page 7 and 8:
MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo et al. 216T
- Page 9 and 10:
MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo et al. 218(
- Page 11 and 12:
EKWUNIFE, Chinyelu Angela 220repeat
- Page 13 and 14: EKWUNIFE, Chinyelu Angela 222Table
- Page 15 and 16: Animal Research International (2005
- Page 17 and 18: ORJI, Raphael Christopher Agamadoda
- Page 19 and 20: OGUGUA Victor Nwadiogbu and IKEJIAK
- Page 21 and 22: OGUGUA Victor Nwadiogbu and IKEJIAK
- Page 23 and 24: OLUAH, Ndubuisi Stanley et al. 232G
- Page 25 and 26: OLUAH, Ndubuisi Stanley et al. 234C
- Page 27 and 28: ATAMA, Chinedu and MGBENKA, Bernard
- Page 29 and 30: ATAMA, Chinedu and MGBENKA, Bernard
- Page 31 and 32: Animal Research International (2005
- Page 33 and 34: EZEAGU, Ikechukwu Edwin 242Table 1:
- Page 35 and 36: EZEAGU, Ikechukwu Edwin 244Table 5:
- Page 37 and 38: Animal Research International (2005
- Page 39 and 40: 248Table 1: Percentage (%) mean cru
- Page 41 and 42: 250breakdown proteins into peptones
- Page 43 and 44: Animal Research International (2005
- Page 45 and 46: OKAFOR, Anthony Ikechukwu and CHUKW
- Page 47 and 48: OKAFOR, Fabian Chukwuemenam and OMU
- Page 49 and 50: OKAFOR, Fabian Chukwuemenam and OMU
- Page 51 and 52: OKAFOR, Fabian Chukwuemenam and OMU
- Page 53 and 54: OTITOJU Olawale and ONWURAH Ikechuk
- Page 55 and 56: OTITOJU Olawale and ONWURAH Ikechuk
- Page 57 and 58: OTITOJU Olawale and ONWURAH Ikechuk
- Page 59 and 60: UCHEWA, Emmanuel Nwafoagu et al. 26
- Page 61 and 62: UCHEWA, Emmanuel Nwafoagu et al. 27
- Page 63: UCHEWA, Emmanuel Nwafoagu et al. 27
- Page 67 and 68: EYO, Joseph Effiong 276Karyotype ev
- Page 69 and 70: EYO, Joseph Effiong 278MATERIALS AN
- Page 71 and 72: EYO, Joseph Effiong 280Based on the
- Page 73 and 74: EYO, Joseph Effiong 28210Figure 7:
- Page 75 and 76: EYO, Joseph Effiong 284Relative chr
- Page 77 and 78: EYO, Joseph Effiong 286Cyprinidae,