Superoxide dismutase (sod) activity and serum calcium level in rats 265Serum Calcium (mg\ml)10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10Newly Weaned RatMiddle Aged RatAged RatControl 1% 5% 10%Concentrations of Insecticide in DietFigure 1: Serum calcium levels (mg\ml) of rats exposed to insecticidecontaminated dietsThe group with high SOD activity possessed verylow level of serum Ca 2+ . This may be as a result ofthe scavenging ability of SOD on the superoxideradicals generated by the increase in cytosolic Ca 2+level. The elevated Ca 2+ level can cause severaltissue injuries and subsequently affect membranepotential and mitochondrial uncoupling (Marklundand Marklund, 1974). Several studies withxenobiotics demonstrated mitochondrial energyuncouplers (Deuterman, 1980), which suggestdisruption of energy supply as a common principalcause of cellular cytotoxicity.Acute pesticide poisoning, particularly indeveloping countries, is frequent and thus of greatimportance in public health. The magnitude of theproblems depends on a number of contributingfactors, such as types of pesticide regulations,awareness of the degree of danger, training tominimized exposure and availability of medicaltreatment facilities. The use of pesticide indeveloping countries is often characterized by lackof vital knowledge of its toxicity and proceduresfor safe use. This plays a critical role in obtainingdirect exposure by both target and non-target<strong>org</strong>anisms.The action of “Rambo” insecticide on nontargetgroups may vary widely in comparison tothe other insecticides like paraquat (Palmeira,1999); deltamethrin, zeta–cypermethrin anddimethoate (Moreby et al., 2001). It has becomeapparent that both SOD and Ca 2+ are important toboth toxicological and physiological processes. Therelative importance of the various Ca 2+ dependentprocesses in cells needs to be further clarified andthe toxicity of “Rambo” insecticide with otherpyrethroid could be further compared usingbiochemical markers.REFERENCESBOWLER, C., MONTAGU, M. V. and IRIZE, D.(1992). Superoxide dismutase and stresstolerance. Analytical Review PlantPhysiology and Molecular Biology, 43: 83– 116.BRIDGES, J. W., BENFORD D. J. and HUBBARD S.A. (1983). Mechanisms of toxic Injury.Annals of New York Academy of Sciences,83: 42 – 63.CARAFOLI, E. (1987). Intracellular calciumhomeostasis. Analytical Review inBiochemistry, 56: 395 – 433.CERIOTI, G. (1974). In<strong>org</strong>anic substances. Pages1566 – 1572. In: H. C. CUTINS (ed).Clinical Biochemistry. Principles andMethods, <strong>Volume</strong> 2, Blackwell ScientificPublications, Oxford.COMPORTI, M. (1993). Lipid peroxidation, anoverview. Pages 65 – 87. In: POLI, G.,ALBANO, E. and DIANZANI, M. U. (Eds.).Free radicals: from basic science tomedicine. Birkhauser Verlag Basell,Switzerland.CUNHA-BASTOS, V. L. T., CUNHA-BASTOS, J.,LIMA J. S. and CASTRO-FAIRA, M. V.(1991). Brain acetylcholinesterase as an“in-vitro” detector of <strong>org</strong>anophosphorusand carbamate insecticide in water. WaterResources, 25: 835 – 840.DEUTERMAN, W. C. (1980). Metabolism oftoxicants: phase II reactions. Pages 92 –104. In: Hodgson E. and Guthrie, F. E.(Eds.). Introduction to BiochemicalToxicology. Blackwell ScientificPublications, Oxford.DUNCAN, D. (1955). Multiple range test andmultiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11: 1 – 42.
OTITOJU Olawale and ONWURAH Ikechukwu Noel Emmanuel 266GLENNON, M. C., BIRD, G. J., KWAN, C. Y. andPUTNEY, J. W. (1992). Actions ofvasopressin and the Ca 2+ - ATPaseInhibitor, thapsigargin, on Ca 2+ singling inhepatocytes. Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 267: 8230 – 8233.GUTTERIDGE J. M. C. (1994). Antioxidants,nutritional supplements and lifethreateningdiseases. British Journal ofBiomedical Science, 51: 288 – 293.JEWETT, S. L. and ROCKLIN, A. M. (1993).Variation in one unit of activity withoxidation rate of <strong>org</strong>anic substrate inindirect superoxide dismutase assays.Analytical Review of Biochemistry, 212: 55– 59.KAWANISHI, T., BLANK, L. M., HAROOTUNIAN, A.T., SMITH, M. T., and TSIEN, R. Y.(1989). Ca 2+ oscillations induced byhormonal stimulation of individual fura – 2– loaded hepatocytes. Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 264: 12859 – 12866.LEDIG M. and DOFFOEL M. (1988). Superoxidedismutase activity in erythrocytes ofalcoholic patients. Advances in theBiosciences, 71: 125 – 129.MARKLUND, S. and MARKLUND, G. (1974).Involvement of superoxide anion radical inthe auto-oxidation of pyragallol, and aconvenient assay for superoxidedismutase. European Journal ofBiochemistry, 47: 469 – 474.MCCORD, J. M. and FRIDOVICH, I. (1970). Theutility of SOD in studying free radicalreaction. (ii) The mechanism of themediation of cytochrome C reduction by avariety of electron carriers. Journal ofBiological Chemistry, 245: 1374 – 1377.MISRA, H. P. and FRIDOVICH, I. (1971). Thegeneration of superoxide radical duringthe autoxidation of ferredoxin. Journal o fBiological Chemistry, 246: 6886 – 6890.MOREBY S. J., SOUTHWAY S., BARKER, A. andHOLLAND J. M. (2001). A comparison ofthe effect of new and establishedinsecticides on non-target invertebrates ofwinter wheat fields. EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry, 20: 2243 –2254.MOREBY, S. J. and SOUTHWAY, S. E. (1999).Influence of autumn applied herbicides onsummer and autumn food available tobirds in winter wheat fields in SouthernEngland. Agricultural Ecosystem andEnvironment, 72: 285 – 297.OLUSI, S. O., (2002). Obesity is an independentrisk factor for plasma lipid peroxidationand depletion of erythrocytecytoprotective enzymes in humans.International Journal o f Obesity, 26: 1159– 1164.ONWURAH I. N. E. and EZE M. O. (2000).Superoxide dismutase activity inAzotobacter vinelandii in the disposition ofenvironmental toxicants exemplified byFenton reagent and crude oil. Journal ofToxic Substance Mechanisms, 19: 111 –123.ONWURAH, I. N. E. (1999). Lipid peroxidation andprotein oxidation in Azotobacter vinelandiiexposed to mercury, silver, crude oil andFenton reagent. Journal of ToxicSubstance Mechanisms, 18(4): 167 – 176.ORRENIUS, S., MCCONKEY, D. J., BELLOMO, G.and NICOTERA, P. (1989). Role of Ca 2+ intoxic cell killing. Trends inPharmacological Sciences, 10: 281 – 285.PALMEIRA, C. M. (1999). Herbicide inducedmitochondrial and cellular liver toxicity: Areview of paraquat, dinoseb, and 2,4 – Deffects. Journal of Toxic Substancemechanisms, 18: 187 – 204.SOTHERTON, N. W. (1991). Conservationheadlands and practical combination ofintensive cereal farming and conservation.Pages 373 – 397. In: FIRBANK, L. G.,CARTER, N., DERBY-SHIRE, J. .F. andPOTTS G. R. (Eds.). The ecology oftemperate cereal fields. BlackwellScientific Publishers, Oxford.THOMAS, A. P., ALEXANDER, J. and WILLIAMSON,J. R. (1984). Relationship between inositolpolyphospate production and the increaseof cytosolic free Ca 2+ induced byvasopresin in isolated hepatocytes.Journal o f Biological Chemistry, 259: 5574– 5584.
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