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Salinity stress and buccal ventilatory rate in African lungfish 253Table 1: The salinities (%o) of the various concentrations of dilute seawater that werepreparedPrepared seawaterConcentration (%)Corresponding salinity(%o)<strong>Volume</strong> of dechlorinatedWater (litres)<strong>Volume</strong> of100% seawater (35 %o)40302015105014.0010.507.005.303.501.800.001.802.102.402.552.702.853.001.200.900.600.450.300.150.00diluted seawater at a stocking rate of twospecimens per tank.Buccal Ventilatory Rate: Only healthy andactive fishes with no external signs of disease orphysical injuries were selected for the experiment.The buccal ventilatory rate was estimated as thenumber of times each fish would remove its headout of the water, opened its mouth in order tobreathe atmospheric oxygen, closed it and dippedits head back into the water, within an hour. Thiswas repeated five times and the mean valuesnoted.RESULTSIncrease in salinity was directly correlated withincrease in buccal ventilatory rate Coefficient oflinear correlation r = 0.9162767 at 0.05 probability(Figure 1). At 0 %, 5%, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 30 %and 40 % salinities, the mean buccal ventilatoryrates were 4.04, 5.32, 6.39, 7.50, 9.86, 10.16 and12.26 respectively.Mean rates of buccalventilation141210864200 20 40 60Concentrations of dilutedseawaterFigure 1: The mean rates ofbuccal ventilation at variousconcentrations of dilutedseawaterDISCUSSIONThe result clearly indicates a positive linearcorrelation between salinity and buccal ventilatoryrate. Holliday (1969) reported reduction in oxygencontent of saline waters. The present study opinedthat the increased buccal ventilatory rate whenimmersed in saline water could be a means ofincreasing the total amount of oxygen that wouldreach the tissues via the lungs since the amountreceived from the saline water via the gills washighly reduced.Similar findings have been documented byEnajekpo (1989), Ebele et al. (1990), Onusiriukaand Ufodioke (1994), Chukwu (2001) and Chukwuand Ugbeva (2003). For example, Enajekpo (1989)reported an increase in respiration rate (opercularventilation) in Tilapia zilli and Oreochromisniloticus exposed to sublethal concentrations ofwater soluble fractions of Bonny light crude.Thus in the attempt to culture P.annectens in brackish or estuarine waters, farmersshould put into consideration the increaseddemand for atmospheric oxygen in the newhabitats. Since this process requires theexpenditure of energy, this may be compensatedby increasing the rate of feeding.There is no lungfish that naturally inhabitsbrackish or estuarine waters within this Cenozoicera. However, fossil records have established thatlungfishes that lived during the Permian,Carboniferous and Devonian periods such asGnathorhiza, Megapleuron and Soederberghiawere estuarine and shallow marine dwellers(Carroll, 1988; Ahlberg, et al., 2003).Soederberghia gulped air and probably inhabited ashallow near-shore marine environment (Ahlberg,et al., 2003). The occurrence of Soederberghiagroenlandica in the Famennian old red sandstoneof North America, Greenland and Australiarespectively thus furnishes evidence of contact orclose proximity between North and South Pangaeaduring the Palaezoic era (Ahlberg et al., 2003). Infact the evolution of air breathing by lungfisheshas traditionally been associated with their entryinto freshwaters (Carroll, 1988).REFERENCESAHLBERG, P. E., JOHANSEN, Z., ZERINA, J., andDAESCHLER, E. B. (2003). The lateDevonian lungfish, Soederberghia(Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from Australia and
OKAFOR, Anthony Ikechukwu and CHUKWU, Lucian Obinnaya 254North America and its biogeographicalimplications. Journal of VertebratePalaeontology, 21(1): 1 – 12.CANAGARATNAM, P. (1959). Growth of fishes indifferent salinities. Journal of FishResearch Board of Canada, 16: 121 – 130.CARROLL, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Palaeontologyand Evolution. W. H. Freeman andCompany, New York. 1996 pp.CHUKWU, L. O. (2001). Acute toxicity of treatedindustrial effluent to decapod crustacean,Macrobrachium vollenhoevenii. Journal ofScience, Technology and Environment,1(2 ): 21 – 29.CHUKWU, L. O. and UGBEVA, B. O. (2003). Acutetoxicity of textile mill effluents to estuarinemacro-invertebrate, Clibinarius africanus(Aurivillus) and Tilapia zilli (Gerr)fingerlings. Journal of NigerianEnvironmental Society, 1(2 ): 223 – 228.DAFFALA, A. A., ELIAS, E. E. and AMIN, M. A.(1985). The lungfish, Protopterusannectens (Owen) a bio-control agentagainst Schistosome vector snail. Journalof Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88: 131– 134.DUPE, M. and GODET, R. (1969). Conditioning ofthe responsiveness of the central nervoussystem in the life cycle of the lungfish,Protopterus annectens. General andComparative Endocrinology, 2: 275 – 283.DUPE, M. (1973). Factors conditioning theawakening reaction of olfactory origin inthe lungfish, Protopterus annectens.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,44A: 647 – 653.EBELE, S., OLADIMEJI, A. A. and DARAMOLA, J. A.(1990). Molluscicidal and piscicidalproperties of copper (II) tetraoxosulfate(VI) on Bulinus globosus (Morelet) andClarias anguillaris (L). Aquatic Toxicology,17: 231 – 238.ENAJEKPO, H. O. T. (1989). Effects o f watersoluble fractions (WSFs) of Bonny Lightcrude oil on some physiologicalparameters in Oreochromis niloticus.M.Sc. Thesis, University of Jos, Nigeria.HOLLIDAY, F. G. T. (1969). The effects of salinityon the eggs and larvae of teleosts. Pages293 – 312. In: W. S. Hoar and D. J.Randall (eds), Fish Physiology, Vol. 1,Academic Press, New York.NWIGWE, C. A. (1985). Effects of salinity onsurvival and growth of the catfish, Clariaslazera. M. Tech. Thesis. Rivers StateUniversity of Science and Technology,Nigeria. 56 pp.OKAFOR, A. I. and ODIETE, W. O. (2002 a). Theprocess of aestivation in the laboratory bythe African lungfish, Protopterusannectens (Owen). African Journal ofScience, 3(2): 764 – 767.OKAFOR, A. I. and ODIETE, W. O. (2002 b).Seasonal changes in Gonadosomatic andHepatosomatic indices of the Africanlungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) ofAnambra river, Otuocha, Nigeria. AfricanJournal o f Science, 3(2): 668 – 672.OKAFOR, A. I. (2004). Salinity tolerance of theAfrican lungfish, Protopterus annectens(Owen). African Journal of Science, 5(1):1073 – 1083.ONUSIRIUKA, B. C. and UFODIKE, E. B. C. (1994).Acute toxicity of water extracts of sausageplant, Kigelia africana and akee apple,Blighia sapida on African catfish, Clariasgariepinus (Teugels). Journal of AquaticSciences, 9: 35 – 41.OTTO, R. G. (1971). Effects of salinity on thesurvival and growth of pre-smolt cohosalmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Journal o fFish Research Board of Canada, 28: 343 –349.OTUOGBAI, T. O. S. and IKHENOBA, A. (2001).Food and feeding habits of the lungfish,Protopterus annectens (Owen) and thepossible role of the paired fins in feeding.World Journal of Biotechechnology, 2(2):233 – 238.SUGIYAMA, C. R. (2002). The effects of salinity onspermatozoa, eggs and larvae ofParacottus kessleri (Dybowski). JapaneseJournal of Fish Physiology, 3: 342 – 345.
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