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251FRAZIER, W. C. (1976). Food microbiology. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. New York. 285 pp.HORN, H. J. (1974). Processing of lake Tanganyikasardines in Burundi. Pages 218 – 221. In:KRENZER, R. (ed). Fisher y Products .Fishing News Books, Survey, England.MABAWONKU, A. F. and AJAYI, T. O. (1982).Economic survey of artisanal fisheries inBendel, Cross River, Lagos, Ogun, Ondoand Rivers State. Pages 64 – 76. In:Proceeding of the National Seminar onIntegrated Development of Artisanal andInshore Fisheries in Nigeria, FederalDevelopment of Fisheries, Lagos, Nigeria.MARINETTI, G. C. (1967). Lipid chromatographicanalysis. Volumes 1 and 2, Marcel Decker,Incorporated, New York.MOSES, B. S. (1982). Problems and prospects ofartisanal fisheries in Nigeria. Pages 76 –90. In: Proceedings of Second AnnualConference o f the Fisheries Society ofNigeria (FISON). Calabar, January, 1982.NDUH, T. A. (1984). Insect pests of dried fish soldin Jos Metropolitan market. MSc. Thesis,University of Jos, Nigeria, 126 pp.OLATUNDE, A. A. (1983). Strategies for increasingfreshwater fish production in the GreenRevolution Programme. Pages 70 – 75.In: Proceedings of Second AnnualConference o f the Fisheries Society ofNigeria (FISON). Calabar, January, 1982.OLLEY, J. and WATSON, H. (1962). Phospholipidsactivity in herring muscle. Pages 56 – 66.In: LEITH, J. M.(ed). Proceeding of theFirst International Conference of FoodScience and Technology. Gordon andBreach Publication Limited, London.OSUJI, F. U. C. (1975). Recent studies on beetleinfestation of dried fish in Nigeria withreference to Lake Chad district.Nigerian Journal of Entomology, 1: 63 -68.PROCTOR, D. L. (1977). The protection of smokeddried freshwater fish from insect damageduring storage in Zambia. Journal ofStored Products Research, 8: 139 -149.REED, W., BURCHAR, J., HOPSON, A. J.,JONATHAN, J. and IBRAHIM, Y. (1967).Fish and Fisheries of Northern Nigeria.Government Press, London. 226 pp.SHEWAN, J. M. (1961). The microbiology of waterfish. Pages 487 – 560. In: G.BERGSTORM (ed). Fish as Food. AcademicPress Incorporated, New York.STEEL, R. G. D. and TORRIE, J. H. (1990).Principles and Procedures o f Statistics, ABiometrical Approach.. 2 nd edition, McGraw-Hill Books, Tokyo, Japan. 633 pp.VIVEEN, W. J. A. R., RICHTER, C .J. J., VANOORDT, P. G. W. J., JANSEEN, J. A. L.and HUISMAN, E. A. (1986). PracticalManual for the Culture o f the Africancatfish, Clarias gariepinus
Animal Research International (2005) 2(1): 252 – 254 252THE EFFECT OF SALINITY STRESS ON BUCCAL VENTILATORY RATE IN THEAFRICAN LUNGFISH, Protopterus annectens OWEN1 OKAFOR, Anthony Ikechukwu and 2 CHUKWU, Lucian Obinnaya1 Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaCorresponding Author: Dr. OKAFOR, Anthony Ikechukwu, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos,Lagos, NigeriaABSTRACTThe buccal ventilatory rate of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) followingacclimation to diluted seawater was investigated under laboratory conditions for si x days .Healthy adult specimens of African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) (mean weight299.4g and mean length 38.9 cm) procured from Anambra river at Otuocha were subjected tothe following concentrations of dilute seawater: 0%, 5% (s = 1.8‰o), 10% (s = 3.5‰),15% (s = 5.3‰), 20% (s = 7.0 ‰), 30% (s = 10.5 ‰) and 40% (s = 14.0 ‰)respectively. The results revealed that increase in salinity had a significant positive correlation(r = 0.92, p < 0.05) with increase in buccal ventilatory rate. The mean least and highestbuccal ventilatory rates were 5.32 and 12.26 times per hour at 1.8%o and 14.0%o salinitiesrespectively. The implications of the findings for the culture of this fish species in estuarineecosystems are discussed.Keywords: Salinity Stress, Buccal Ventilation, Protopterus annectensINTRODUCTIONThe African lungfish, P . annectens lives in shallowparts of West African rivers and lakes Their rangeof distribution spreads from Nigeria to Senegal andbeyond on the West African coast line. (Dupe andGodet, 1969; Dupe, 1973; Daffala et al., 1985;Otuogbai and Ikhenoba, 2001; Okafor and Odiete,2002 a, b). Recent studies show that it cantolerate seawater up to a maximum of 30%(Okafor, 2004). Thus, the fish has got thepotential of being cultured in brackish water.When some fresh water fish species are cultivatedin brackish water, they exhibit enhanced hatching,growth and survival rates (Canagaratnam, 1959;Otto, 1971; Nwigwe, 1985; Sugiyama, 2002).Consequently, there is the need to evaluate thephysiological adjustments which P. annectens canmake whilst subjected to brackish water regimes.The paper therefore determines changes in buccalventilatory rate of P. annectens subjected todifferent concentrations of diluted seawater. Theinformation obtained may serve as guidelines forstudies on the osmoregulatory abilities of thespecies in estuarine ecosystems.MATERIALS AND METHODSLive fish specimens of the African lungfish P.annectens procured from Anambra river atOtuocha in Anambra State of Nigeria weretransported to the Zoology laboratory of theUniversity of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria and acclimatedat room temperature for 28 days inside eight glasstanks that measured 0.54 x 0.30 x 0.30 m whichwere neither covered nor aerated. Each tankcontained 3 litres of dechlorinated water. The fishwere fed daily on fish feed obtained from theNigerian Institute of Oceanography and MarineResearch (NIOMR), Victoria Island, Lagos, adlibitum until used for the experiment.The water in all tanks was changed twiceweekly to prevent the accumulation of wastematerials, uneaten food and the fish’s mucoussecretions. Seawater was collected at high andlow tides from the Bar Beach (Atlantic Ocean) atVictoria Island, Lagos and filtered through a fine0.5 mm sieve.Three litres of each of the percentages ofthe seawater were prepared thus: 0%, 5% (s =1.8 ‰), 10% (s = 3.5 ‰), 15 % (s = 5.3 ‰),20% (s = 7.0 ‰), 30% (s = 10.5 ‰) and 40 %(s = 14.0 ‰) by diluting seawater of 100%salinity (s = 35 ‰) with an appropriate volume ofdechlorinated water. The salinity of each prepareddiluted seawater was determined using asalinometer (Table 1).Seawater above 40 % in concentrationwas not prepared since P. annectens tolerates30% seawater indefinitely and 40% seawater foronly about 4 to 5 days (Okafor, 2004).Fourteen specimens of P. annectenschosen from amongst those that survivedacclimation were now introduced into seven glasstanks containing the above concentrations of
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