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Animal Research International (2005) 2(1): 235 – 239 235EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM A VEGETABLE OIL FACTORY INSOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA ON THE MMIRIELE STREAMATAMA, Chinedu and MGBENKA, Bernard ObialoFish Nutrition, Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Nigeria Nsukka.Corresponding Author: Dr. MGBENKA, B. O. Fish Nutrition, Aquaculture and Hydrobiology Unit,Department of Zoology, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Email: bo_mgbenka@yahoo.co.uk.ABSTRACTEnvironmental monitoring of effluent discharged from a vegetable oil factory and route toreceiving Mmiriele stream, Nnewi Anambra State, Nigeria was conducted bi-weekly for 12months. The physicochemical parameters examined in the effluent assessment weredissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),total hardness, hydrogen ion concentration (pH),and ammonia-nitrogen. Others were copper(Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). Concentration of each of the parameters at thevarious sampled points indicated significant variation among the points (P < 0.05).Comparing the results to international effluent quality standards for municipal and industrialeffluents discharged into surface inland waters and the Federal Ministry of Environment(FMENV) standards for such effluents showed that the mean values of each of the parameterswas within acceptable limits except for very high distribution of lead recorded in all samples.Arsenic was notably not detected. The significance of the results is discussed.Keywords: Vegetable oil factory effluent, Physicochemical parameters, Dissolved metal pollutantsINTRODUCTIONIndustrial waste contains toxic substances thatdamage biological activity and kill desirable formsof life (Suter and Loar, 1992). One of such was asreported by Sandra (2000) and JØorgensen andJohnsen (1989) for industrial waste waters. Verymany physicochemical parameters are associatedwith effluent assessment most of which wereconsidered.From human health perspective, highlevels of elements such as zinc, lead, arsenic andnitrogen are of great concern. For instance,nitrate may cause infant hemoglobinemia or bluebabysyndrome in which the oxygen-carryingcapacity is blocked, causing suffocation. Lead isparticularly toxic to young children and its hazardsinclude kidney damage, metabolic interference anddepressed biosynthesis of protein (Craun et al.,1981; Meybeck, 1982; Meybeck et al., 1989).Brown blood disease due to excessive nitritenitrogen has also been reported in fish (Lovell,1987).However, industrial pollutants are difficultto characterize and detailed inventories ofindustrial wastes are rare. In addition to organicdecomposable matter of complex composition withhigh biological oxygen demand, the waste fromindustries usually contain traces or largerquantities of raw materials, intermediate products,final products, by-products and processingchemicals. From the above problems associatedwith industrial pollutants, there is need to monitorwaters in which industrial effluents are discharged.In Nigeria, the Federal EnvironmentProtection Agency (FEPA), now known as theFederal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) wascreated in 1988. It is charged with the statutoryresponsibility for overall protection of theenvironment. Among the guidelines of FMENV ismandatory provision of on-site or contractualindustrial pollution effluent monitoring facilitieswithin the set up of any industry (Ugochukwu andLeton, 2004). This law is often breeched. FMENVand State governments’ environmental protectionagencies (EPAs) are also charged withcrosschecking effluent characteristics fromfactories and companies to ascertain the degree ofcompliance with the law. Too often, this is notdone or is poorly done. The result is that theenvironment suffers from likely hazardouspollution with effluent discharged from factories.Against this background, the need for theassessment of a vegetable oil factory effluentwhich enters the Mmiriele stream, Nnewi, useddomestically by the people living around it cannotbe over-emphasized. There is little or no recordedinformation on the physicochemical parameters ofthis body of water. The present study wastherefore an independent study conducted todetermine the physicochemical parameters of thesection of the Mmiriele stream into which a
ATAMA, Chinedu and MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo 236vegetable oil factory discharges its effluent. Thisis to establish some baseline information for thisstream.MATERIALS AND METHODSEffluents from a vegetable oil factory wereproperly channeled into the receiving Mmirielesteam. Thus, the physicochemical parameters ofthe effluent that gets into the stream and thestream were monitored. Representative sampleswere collected from the effluent discharge route ofthe vegetable oil factory, Nnewi, Anambra States,Nigeria into the Mmiriele stream (Figure 1).N), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and totalhardness. Other parameters studied include thefollowing heavy metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn),lead (Pb) and arsenic. All analyses for biochemicaloxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, totalhardness, and heavy metals were done by usingthe standard methods described in APHA (1976,1980) and Owen (1974). Most of thecharacteristics were determined with unfilteredsamples except dissolved heavy metals in whichfiltered samples were used. Values obtained fromthe stream were compared with Federal Ministry ofEnvironment Standards (FEPA, 1988).Statistical Analysis: Means and standard errorof means of the physicochemical parameters of thedifferent sampled sites were calculated usingdescriptive statistics. The one way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) was employed to test for anysignificance differences (P < 0.05) and the Fisher’sleast significant differences (F-LSD) and theDuncan’s Multiple Range Test were employed topartition the differences of sampled means (Steeland Torrie, 1980).RESULTSFigure 1: Effluent route from the RIMCOvegetable oil factory into the receivingmmiriele stream showing sampled points,namely; A station for collection of effluentimmediately in the oil/fat trap, B oildischarge point station, C station forcollection of effluent in the sedimentationtank, D station for collection of effluent inmmiriele, E 250 meters downstream ofmmiriele, represents effluent collectionstations indicated by letters, Arrowsrepresent direction of effluent flow.Additionally, representative samples were collectedfrom the point of entry of the effluent in thestream and from 250 m downstream. Clean dryone litre wide mouthed transparent glass bottleswith Teflon covers were used to collect thesamples. The glass bottles were appropriatelylabelled with sample location, date and time ofcollection. For dissolved oxygen determination,water from the bottle was siphoned through theWinkler dissolved oxygen determination bottle andthe water fixed in the field for the azidemodification of the Winkler’s method using theHach test kit (Model FF3, Hach Company, LovelandCo., USA). Triplicate sampling unit were used. Allsamples were preserved at low temperature in icechest, and analysed within 24 hours of collection.Sampling was done bi-weekly for a period of 12calendar months. The following physicochemicalparameters were determined: dissolved oxygen(DO), biochemical oxygen demand BOD), chemicaloxygen demand (COD), ammonia–nitrogen (NH 4 -The results of the mean physicochemicalparameter are shown in Table 1. Comparison ofphysicochemical parameters in the Mmirielestream, Nnewi with the Federal Ministry ofEnvironment Standards is presented in Figure 2.Table 1 showed that the highest mean COD of720.00 ± 5.94 mgl -1 was obtained in the fat trapand the least mean COD of 106.20 ± 2.62 mgl -1was obtained at 250 m down stream. These valueswere significantly different (P < 0.05). The valuesobtained within the stream were significantlydifferent (P < 0.05) from each other and from thevalues recorded in the fat trap, discharge pointand the sedimentation tank.The mean DO concentration ranged from1.81 ± 0.06 mgl -1 in the fat trap to 6.69 ± 0.07mgl -1 at 250 m downstream. There was significantdifference (P < 0.05) in the DO values recordedbetween the all the sampled sites with an upwardincrease in DO from the factory to downstream ofMmiriele.On the other hand, the concentration ofBOD varied from 0.97 ± 0.07 mgl -1 in the fat trapto 4.41 ± 0.08 mgl -1 in the receiving steam point.There were significant differences (P < 0.05)between all sampling points outside the stream butidentical BOD values within the stream stations.Also, BOD values within the stream were higherthan outside the stream.The concentration of ammonia-nitrogenranged from 2.42 ± 0.06 mgl -1 at 250 mdownstream to 15.30 ± 0.09 mgl -1 in the fat trap.
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