Effect of transportation stress on Oreochromis niloticus haematocrit level 225Table 1: Mean haematocrit values of O. niloticus transported under different densitiesTreatment Mean total length (cm) Mean heamatocrit value (%)Control 12.00 ± 1.2 32.82 ± 1.5Low Density (40 fry/96) 11.35 ± 2.44 22.00 ± 2.69Medium density (40 fry/72) 11.22 ± 0.88 19.97 ± 2.84High Density (40 fry/48) 11.30 ± 2.70 15.45 ± 2.97Table 2: Mean haematocrit values of O. niloticus transported under different salineconcentrations, with and without aerationTreatment Mean total length (cm) Mean heamatocrit value (%)Control 12.29 ± 0.77 32.80 ± 1.200% Saline + 0 2 12.28 ± 1.43 28.90 ± 2.340.Saline + 0 2 13.17 ± 1.56 28.90 ± 2.911% Saline + 0 2 13.10 ± 1.46 31.90 ± 1.900% Saline - 0 2 12.81 ± 1.80 24.81 ± 1.900.6% Saline + 0 2 15.10 ± 1.56 25.50 ± 2.101% saline - 0 2 12.20 ± 1.21 26.20 ± 3.02Table 3: Instant and delayed mortalities ofO. niloticus transported under differentsaline concentrations with and withoutaerationsDate No %Treatmentsmortality1 st Day 8 8.8 0 Saline without 0 2“ 5 5.5 1 Saline without 0 2“ 3 3.3 0.6 Saline without 0 22 nd Day 17 18.8 1 Saline without 0 2“ 19 21.1 0 Saline without 0 2“ 7 7.7 0.6 Saline without 0 23 rd Day 2 2.2 0 Saline without 0 2“ 1 1.1 0.6 Saline without 0 2“ 1 1.1 1 Saline without 0 2Transportation under Different Densities: Thefollowing densities of Tilapia fry were maintainedper group (A-C).A – 40 fry per 48L, for high density; B – 40 fry per72L, for medium density and C – 40 fry per 96L forlow density, each group was replicated thrice.Transportation under Different SalineConditions: Sodium chloride (NaCl) levels of0.6% (25.29g/72L) 1% (113.22g/72L) and 0%(water without addition of saline) were obtainedby preparing slurry of the appropriate weights ofsalt in 200 mls of water thus,A – 40 fry in 0% saline (water without saline); B –40 fry in 0.6% saline and C – 40 fry in 1% saline.Blood Haematocrit Value: Blood was collectedinto heparinized micro haematocrit tubes from asevered caudal peduncle vessel, centrifuged understandard conditions at 2500 rpm for five minutes.The packed red blood cell volume was measureddirectly and expressed as percentage of the totalblood volume with a microhaematocrit meteraccording to Wedemeyer and Yasutake (1977).Determination of Dissolved Oxygen: Watersamples were collected with sampling bottles andanalysed for dissolved oxygen (DO), using HachFish Farmer’s water quality test kit (Model FFIA).Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) wasemployed to test the significant levels of deviationmeans from control values. The analysis ofvariance was extended by use of LSD Test, forevaluating treatment means.RESULTSTransportation of O. niloticus under differentdensities (Table 1) showed that there wassignificant differences between the control meanand those of low, medium, and high densities(P
ORJI, Raphael Christopher Agamadodaigwe 226Mortality was high during the first day,increasing on the second day and decreased onthe third day, after transportation (Table 3).During pilot transportations, there was drasticreduction of dissolved oxygen content of the watersamples from 10.99mls per litre to 2.4 mls per litreand from 7.62 mls per litre to 2.69 mls per litrerespectively on two transportations. This drasticreduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) necessitatedthe use of aerator in subsequent transportations,which yielded better results in terms of higherhaematocrit value and lower mortality.DISCUSSIONThe overall results obtained so far on thephysiological indices of stress reveal thattransportation of Oreochromis niloticus let todecreased haematocrit. This decrease in the valueof haematocrit caused by stress conforms toresults obtained by (Soivio and Oikari 1976,Madden 1977, Hattingh 1976, Nomura andKawatsum 1977 and Sikoki, et al 1989), butdiffered from that of (Casillas and Smith 1977).The later observed an increase in haematocritvalue of fish when stressed. A possibleexplanation of this variation could be thathaematocrit value increases within the first 20-30minutes after stress inducement and later starts todecrease. This proposition is based on the factthat Casillas and Smith sampled their fish bloodwithin 20 minutes after stress inducement.Alternatively, it could be argued that Casillas andSmith sampled their fish blood in an aerobicenvironment. Since (Soivio and Nybols 1973)stated that haematocrit of Rainbow trout could bechanged invitro by placing the blood in an aerobicor anaerobic environments. An anaerobicenvironment could cause a decline of greater than10% of the original haematocrit value, whereas anaerobic condition could cause an increase of10-30% and this was the range recorded by Casillasand Smith. Be that as it may, it will be useful tocarry out a time-course study of the pattern of thehaematocrit stress response under varying mediaconditions in fish.REFERENCESBERKA, R. (1986). The transportation of live fish, areview, Fisheries Research Institute,Scientific information centre. EIFACTechnical Paper, 48: 1 – 48.CARMICHAEL, G. J. (1984). Long distant trucktransport of intensively reared largemonth bass. Progressive Fish Culturist,46(2): 111 – 115.CASILLAS, E. and SMITH, A. (1977). Effects ofstress on blood coagulation andhaematology in rainbow trout, Salmogairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology, 10: 481– 487.HATTINGH, J. (1976). Blood sugar as an indicatorof stress in fresh water Fish - Labeocapensis. Journal of Fish Biology, 10: 191– 195.MADDEN, J. A. (1976). Use of electroanaesthesiawith fresh water teleosts: somephysiological consequences in Salmogairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology, 9: 451 –467.MC-CRAREN, J. P. (1978). Manual o f fish culture –fish transportation. United State Fish andWild Life Services. pp 12 – 15.NOMURA, J. and KAWATSU, N. (1977). Variation ofhaematocrit value of rainbow trout bloodsamples incubated under differentconditions. Aquatic Society and FishAbstract, 43(3): 301 – 306.ORJI, R. C .A. (1998). Effect of transportation stresson hepatic glycogen of Oreochromisniloticus. Naga ICLARM, 21(3): 20 – 22.ORJI, R. C. A. (2003). Effect of transportation stresson interregnal cell nuclear size ofOreochromis niloticus, Journal o f Innovationof Life Science, 7: 32 – 36.SHARP, C. S., THOMSON, D. A., BLANKERSHIP, H. L.and SHRECK, C. B. (1998). Effect of routinetagging and handling procedures onphysiological stress responses in juvenileChinook salmon. Progressive Fish Culturist,60(2): 81 – 87.SHRECK, C. B. and LORZ, N. W. (1978). Stressresponse of coho salmon elicited byCadmium and Copper and potential use ofcortisol as an indicator of stress. Journal o fFishery Research Board Canada, 35: 1124 –1129.SOIVIO, A. and NYHLOS, K. (1973). Notes onrainbow trout – Salmo gaidneri. Aquaculture,2: 31 – 35.SOIVIO, A. and OIK<strong>ARI</strong>, A. (1976). Haematologicaleffects of handling stress on Esox lucius.Journal of Fish Biology, 8: 397 – 411.SIKOKI, F. D., CIROMA, A. I. and EJIKE, C. (1989).Haematological changes in Clariasgariepinus, following exposure to sub lethalconcentrations of Zinc, lead and Cadmium.Pages xx - zz. In: ONYIA, A. D and ASALA,G. N. (ed). Proceedings of the 7th AnnualConference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria,FISON, Bukuru, Nigeria. Held November 13– 17, 1989.SPECKER, J. L. and SHRECK, C. B. (1979).Anaesthetic and cortisol concentration inyearling Chinook salmon. Journal o f FisheryResearch Board Canada, 29: 178 – 183.WEDEMEYER, G. A. and YASUTAKE, W. T. (1977).Clinical methods for the assessment of theeffects of environmental stress on fishhealth. Pages 11 – 18. In: Technical Paperof the United States Fish and WildlifeServices, Washington D. C.
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