APTI ijopp - Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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APTIijoppGenesis, Development and Popularization of Doctor of Pharmacy(PharmD) Education Program at the Global level - A study based onthe story from 1955 to 2009.1 2 3 4Revikumar K.G , Mohanta. G.P , Veena.R , Sonal Sekhar1. Principal, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita University, AIMS, Edappally, Kochi, Kerala. 682 0262. Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, T.Nadu,3. Sr.Lecturer, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.G.university, Ettumannoor, Kottayam. Kerala4. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita University, Kochi. KeralaAddress for Correspondence: kg.revikumar@gmail.comAbstractThe concept of clinical pharmacy was introduced in pharmacy profession by the American Hospital pharmacistsduring the period 1920-1940, though the term 'clinical pharmacy' as such was not coined during those days.Clinical pharmacy as discipline evolved in USA from a combination of factors that contributed for thedevelopment and achievements in the area of hospital pharmacy. The introduction of PharmD in the Universityof California at San Francisco in 1955 contributed for the overall growth and popularization of clinicalpharmacy. By 1980s the PharmD became a sought after course in the US. The American Association of Collegeof Pharmacy (AACP) and the Accreditation Council for Pharmaceutical Education adopted PharmD as theessential and basic qualification required for the practice of pharmacy. Along with the regular PharmD, othernon-traditional programs like post baccalaureate PharmD were also introduced and PharmD got migrated toother parts of the world. When the Foreign Pharmacy Graduation Equivalency Committee (FPGEC) in the USmandated a 5 year pharmacy graduation program to be eligible to the Foreign Pharmacy Graduation EquivalencyExamination ( FPGEE), pharmacists from other countries particularly Asian countries including India got upset.All this prompted Indian authorities too to think of introducing PharmD. Finally the PharmD program wasinitiated in India in 2008 in few selected institutions approved by the Pharmacy Council of India. In spite of thelimitations of the Indian PharmD structure and the curriculum, the program will develop to one of the best suchprograms in the world in the years to come.Key words: PharmD, Doctor of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice, PharmDr.INTRODUCTIONthThough public pharmacies started during the 12 century needs of pharmacists.in Italy, France and other parts of the world, the first The concept of clinical pharmacy was first developed inpharmacy college was established in 1777 in Paris. In America. From the period of Jonathan Roberts in 17521803 six schools of pharmacy were started in France and (when he was appointed as the first hospital pharmacistprivate pharmacy education institutions arose in 1808 in in Pennsylvania hospital in North America) to 1920,Bavaria in Germany. It was in 1821 that the Philadelphiahospital pharmacy did not make significantCollege of Pharmacy admitted the first batch ofdevelopments or achievements in USA, that warrantspharmacy students in America. With the starting ofspecial mention. The post-1920 period, particularly thepharmacy institutions like Philadelphia College ofPharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy ( 1823)1940 to 1970s, witnessed many scientific developmentsand New York College of Pharmacy (1829) the global and achievements in the area of American Hospitalfocus of pharmacy eduction took an orientation towards Pharmacy. It was during this golden era of the AmericanAmerica. They could initiate time and again many Hospital Pharmacy that the clinical pharmacy originatedinnovative programs aimed at the future prospects and as a superspeciality of hospital pharmacy.In fact, ClinicalIndian Journal of Pharmacy PracticeReceived on 11/03/2009Accepted on 11/03/2009 © APTI All rights reservedIndian J. Pharm. Pract. 1(2), Jan-Mar, 2009Invited ArticlePharmacy as a discipline, evolved in America from acombination of factors like innovations in the disciplineof hospital pharmacy since 1920s, growth of clinical8
Indian J. Pharm. Pract. 1(2), Jan-Mar, 2009pharmacology since 1940s, formation of the American By 1980s, the authorities in US adopted PharmD as aSociety of Hospital Pharmacists(ASHP) in 1942, national professional degree program and by 1992, theinnovative teaching programs introduced in 1940s and AACP and the various pharmacy professional50s, and the decline of pharmacology instructions in organizations in America took a joint decision to makemedical schools. The introduction of PharmD program Pharm D as the minimum requirement for practice ofcontributed effectively for the development and Pharmacy in USA. Since the graduating class of 2006,popularisation of clinical pharmacy as a speciality of the BS Pharm degree has been completely replaced bypharmaceutical sciences. More over, the distributive PharmD degree in USA(Carrie 2008). All theseaspects of the pharmacy profession was entrusted to the developments have positively influenced the pharmacypharmacy technicians (Tse CS 2007).educational institutions and authorities throughout theGenesis of PharmDworld to take proper precautions at their countries.Hospital pharmacy attained new status at the University Influence of American system in other countries.of Michigam under the chief of their hospital pharmacy In 1992, the American Association of Colleges ofservices Harvey AK Whitney Sr in the late 1920s and Pharmacy (AACP) house of delegates voted to supportearly 1930s. In 1942 when he started the ASHP, his vision a single entry level educational program at the doctoralof pharmacy got percolated into the pharmacy level (PharmD). The national organisation that accreditscommunity of USA and other parts of the world pharmacy degree programs the Accreditation Council for(Mc Leod 2006). However, it was a surprise to many Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE) endorsed thepharmacy professionals in various parts of the world, decision of the AACP. However, till 1998, the Americanwhen a pharmacy program of study leading to the Universities and Pharmacy Schools were runningprofessional degree, Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), programs like B.S (Pharmacy) / B.Pharm and PharmDwas initiated in the University of California at San simultaneously. In 1998, orders were issued to allFrancisco (UCSF), USA in 1955. Though the clinical American Universities to replace their B.S (Pharmacy)pharmacy concepts were discussed and debated in the and B.Pharm programs with PharmD to make thecountry from 1940s itself, the take-off of the PharmD in prospective pharmacists eligible for practice ofUCSF was not smooth and resistance free. The program pharmacy. The adoption of PharmD as the nationalhad to face some unfriendly reactions and resistances pharmacy education program to practice pharmacy infrom certain corners within the country. But many other USA was the result of the success story of practiceuniversities started to adopt the PharmD in the 1960s. oriented, service based and patient focused model ofSome other Universities including the University of pharmacy practice at the community and hospital levels.Kentucky had also taken leading roles in developing Advantages of PharmD programPharmD helps to develop abilities and skills requiredClinical Pharmacy programs in the world. Due to thei) To practice pharmaceutical care, the concept ofinnovative thinking of people like Paul F Parker, manywhich is based on sharing the responsibility for theclinical pharmacy activities were introduced inout comes of drug and related therapy.pharmacy in the 1960s. Inspired from the success of ii) To effectively communicate with patients andWhitney's experiment of Drug Information center in health care professionals.Michigan University, Paul F Parker opened the first iii) To scientifically conduct patient interview with theDrug Information Center at a Pharmacy School in 1962. objective of developing patient data base.The first hospital wide unit dose distribution program in iv) To be competent to conduct research studies onthe country was also initiated at the University of drugs and patients in specific areas of interest.Kentucky in 1965. In 1968, the pharmacy residencyv) To be able to design, implement and evaluateprogram was started that awarded both PharmD degreevarious research projects in health care.vi) To refine pharmacy practice skills throughand residency certificate.evidence-based concepts.It took about two decades for getting PharmDvii) To inculcate problem solving skills.popularised in USA and other parts of the world. In 1973 viii) To be able to take up projects and programs in theUCSF started Department of Clinical Pharmacy as an area of health sciences with special focus onindependent unit, which was responsible for the pharmacoeconomics, medication error and phardevelopmentof the first clinical pharmacy curriculum macovigilance.in the world. Today, the clinical pharmacy residency ix) To promote and practice prudent and rational useprogram of UCSF is the largest in USA.of medicines aimed at patient care.9
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