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Chapter 2Policy, Legislation and Regulationsupervise the construction activities related to RWS and sanitation sectorssign off on all completed works and community development activitiescommission and eventual takeover of completed water supply and sanitation works througha joint inspection with DWSM, creating hygiene awareness, collection of funds through atariff system for O&M of water supply and sanitation worksmanage and finance O&M services, on a sustainable basisempower women of the villages for O&M and day to day affairs of the schemeinvolve in HRD and IEC activities of other villages after completion of own scheme2.2.3.2. Total Sanitation Campaign“Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)” emphasizes more on Information, Education andCommunication (IEC), Human Resource Development, Capacity Development activities toincrease awareness among the rural people and generation of demand for sanitary facilities.This will also enhance people‟s capacity to choose appropriate options through alternatedelivery mechanisms as per their economic condition. The programme is being implementedwith focus on community-led and people centered initiatives. Children play an effective role inabsorbing and popularizing new ideas and concepts and this programme intends to tap theirpotential as the most persuasive advocates of good sanitation practices in their ownhouseholds and in schools. The main objectives of the TSC are to:Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to access to toilets to all by 2012.Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable sanitationfacilities through awareness creation and health education. Achieve total sanitation coverage in schools by March 2008 and Anganwadis by March 2009Promote hygiene education and sanitary habits among studentsEncourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and sustainablesanitationDevelop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on solid & liquidwaste managementThe programme has the following components:(a) Start-Up Activities(b) IEC Activities(c) Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centers(d) Provision of Revolving Fund in the District(e) Construction of Individual Household Latrines(f) Community Sanitary Complex(g) Institutional Toilets for schools & Anganwadi(h) Solid and Liquid Waste Management.The LSGs have a key role in ensuring thatsafety standards are met with allcomponents of TSC e.g. the distancebetween water source and a latrine–adhering to the minimum distance forIHHL, school and AW toilets andcommunity sanitary complexes; regulatingpit-depth, pit lining to prevent pollution,collapse of pit etc. The same will apply tokey hygiene behaviour such as keeping theenvironment around hand pumps /watersources clear and tidy and free of humanand animal excreta. These can be ensuredthrough the proposed ESMFAs per the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act,1992, Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule. Accordingly, the TSC is being implementedby the LSGs. The Block and District level PRIs are to regularly monitor the implementation.
Environmental Assessment ReportKerala Local Government Strengthening ProjectThe incentive scheme, Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) was launched by Govt of India in 2003 togive a fillip to the TSC by recognizing the efforts of PRIs and institutions who have contributedsignificantly towards ensuring full sanitation coverage in the areas of operation. The mainobjectives of NGP are to:a. bring the topic of sanitation to the forefront of social and political developmentdiscourse in rural Indiab. develop open defecation free and clean villages which will act as models for others toemulatec. give incentives to PRIs to sustain the initiatives taken by them to eliminate the practiceof open defecation from their respective geographic area by way of full sanitationcoveraged. increase social mobilization in TSC implementation , by recognizing the catalytic roleplayed by organizations in attaining universal sanitation coverage.Incentive amounts to PRIs are decided based on population criterion and it is to be used forimproving and managing the sanitation facilities in their respective areas.In Kerala, almost 97% of the Grama Panchayats , 83% of Block Panchayats and 57% of theDistrict Panchayats are declared open defecation free and awarded Nirmal Puraskar.Altogether, the incentive amount is around Rs.77 crore. The State Government and the LSGsalso set apart adequate fund for improving the sanitation through establishing systems for solidand liquid waste management, water quality surveillance, hygiene education, environmentalupgradation in addition to human excreta management.2.2.3.3. Watershed Development ProgrammeThe Department of Land Resources in the Ministry of Rural Development is administering thearea-based watershed programmes for development of wastelands/degraded lands namelyDrought Prone Areas Programmes (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP) andIntegrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) and currently the Hariyali scheme tocheck the diminishing productivity of wasteland and loss of natural resources. The state wasearlier covered under the IWDP and currently under Hariyali programme.Under the Hariyali initiative, Gram Panchayats shallimplement projects under overall supervision andguidance of Project Implementation Agencies (PIAs).An intermediate panchayat may be the PIA for all theprojects sanctioned to a particular Block/Taluka. Incase, these Panchayats are not adequatelyempowered, then the Zilla Panchayat can either act asPIA itself or may appoint a suitable Line Departmentlike Agriculture, Forestry /Social Forestry, SoilConservation, etc., or an Agency of the StateGovernment/ University/Institute as PIA. Failing theseoptions, the ZP/DRDA may consider appointing areputed Non-Government Organization (NGO) in theThe process have not yet trickleddown fully and hence theimplementation of watershedprogramme is not very effective.Moreover, the guidelines areinadequate to address therequirements of different ecoregions.The issues with respect towater logged areas are leftunaddressed. Also, the modality forconvergence of ongoing schemes hasnot been highlighted in theguidelines. The proposed ESMF mayfacilitate the integration.50
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