report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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enlarging an important number <strong>of</strong> facilities and excellent faculty members, thus developingworldwide standard tutorials.505. In <strong>the</strong> Russian Federation, <strong>the</strong> Russian Aviation and Space Agency in <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Federal GLONASS Mission Oriented Program has initiated and has also been sponsoring <strong>the</strong>special program for educational satellite navigation course preparation.506. In Senegal, <strong>the</strong> personnel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> civil aviation authorities have been trained at <strong>the</strong> AirSafety and Navigation Agency in Madagascar (ASECNA) and at <strong>the</strong> National School <strong>of</strong> CivilAviation (ENAC) in France.507. The South African Government has three institutions, which particularly deal with GNSSand GPS. These are <strong>the</strong> Satellite Applications Centre, <strong>the</strong> Air Traffic Navigation Systemscompany and <strong>the</strong> Chief Directorate: Surveys and Mapping in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Land Affairs.508. The Satellite Applications Centre (SAC), at Hartebeeshoek, near Johannesburg, toge<strong>the</strong>rwith <strong>the</strong> Hartebeeshoek Radio Astronomy Observatory make use <strong>of</strong> permanent GPS stations forcalibration purposes. They provide in-house training to personnel and visiting trainees; however,<strong>the</strong>y do not have formal programmes <strong>of</strong> training in this area as such training is provided on an adhoc, needs basis.509. The Air Traffic Navigation Services Company (ATNS) provides air traffic control andassociated services for continental South Africa and a large oceanic region. In addition tocontrolling all upper airspace and terminal control areas in South Africa, ATNS also providesservices at 21 airports. Surveillance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> South African oceanic sectors is achieved through <strong>the</strong>use <strong>of</strong> satellites and communications, through data link with aircraft that are suitably equippedand certified. In addition, ATNS provides GNSS charts for a number <strong>of</strong> African countries. TheATNS has an Aviation Training Academy, situated at Johannesburg International Airport.Training in Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) isprovided for air traffic service personnel, air traffic service planners and for senior managementto equip <strong>the</strong>m appropriately. The practical application <strong>of</strong> GNSS and GPS applies only to <strong>the</strong> firsttwo categories <strong>of</strong> personnel. Certain courses can be provided in o<strong>the</strong>r states, if <strong>the</strong> requirementexists. Training has been provided at various locations beyond South African borders to meetclient needs.510. Surveys and mapping in <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Land Affairs, which maintains <strong>the</strong> SouthAfrican national mapping programme and trigonometric survey, has a training component whichprovides practical training for Technical Institute students and in-house trainees. However, mostin-depth GPS application training is informal and on <strong>the</strong> job training. From time to time seminarsare run on specific areas <strong>of</strong> interest such as <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> network <strong>of</strong> permanent GPSbase stations (known as TrigNet, established and maintained by <strong>the</strong> survey <strong>of</strong>fice) outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><strong>of</strong>fice.511. In addition, <strong>the</strong>re are training possibilities outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Government controlled bodies.In fact, most formal training is done outside <strong>of</strong> Government bodies.512. In <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Great Britain and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ireland, <strong>the</strong> National PhysicalLaboratory has organised a short-term course and workshop on next-generation global navigationsatellite systems. Details can be found at http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/training/courses/nggnss.html.92
VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION513. As future components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> overall GNSS architecture develop worldwide, <strong>the</strong> need foran international framework to support operational co-ordination and exchange <strong>of</strong> informationamong system designers and operators and national and international user communities will beincreasingly important. The focus should no longer be on explaining <strong>the</strong> basic principles <strong>of</strong>GNSS or on trying to educate <strong>the</strong> general public, <strong>the</strong> scientific community at large or policymakers about <strong>the</strong> benefits <strong>of</strong> GNSS. System operators <strong>of</strong> GNSS and <strong>the</strong>ir augmentations mustmove beyond simple outreach. The assumption is that current and future system operators willsoon move from a strictly competitive to a more collaborative mode where <strong>the</strong>re is a sharedinterest in <strong>the</strong> universal use <strong>of</strong> GNSS services regardless <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> system. If this is to be <strong>the</strong> case,<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> real challenge now is to provide assistance and information for those countries seeking tointegrate GNSS and its augmentations into <strong>the</strong>ir basic infrastructure at all levels (i.e. commercial,scientific and governmental).514. The framework to be discussed will be most favourable to service providing governmentsif flexible mechanisms are put in place and <strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> those mechanisms is providing improvedservice to users.515. The following categories <strong>of</strong> international co-operation in providing GNSS services are<strong>of</strong>fered for consideration:• Co-ordination— among <strong>the</strong> core GNSS service and augmentation providers;— national planning and/or regional planning.• Dissemination— <strong>of</strong> information on GNSS to users and provision <strong>of</strong> technical assistance for <strong>the</strong>integration <strong>of</strong> GNSS into national infrastructures.• Identification— <strong>of</strong> users’ needs and desires regarding GNSS.A. Co-ordinationCo-ordination among <strong>the</strong> GNSS service providers516. On <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> work conducted at <strong>the</strong> United Nations workshops and Action Teammeetings, <strong>the</strong> following objectives for international GNSS co-operation have been identified withrespect to GNSS development and <strong>the</strong> provision <strong>of</strong> basic GNSS services:• To reduce <strong>the</strong> complexity and cost <strong>of</strong> user equipment, GNSS providers should pursuegreater compatibility and interoperability among all future systems (such as GPS III,GLONASS-K, GALILEO and augmentations) in terms <strong>of</strong> signal structures, time andgeodetic reference standards;• To protect <strong>the</strong> investment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> current user base, GNSS providers should ensure thatcurrent services are continued for existing user equipment on a free and nondiscriminatorybasis for a reasonable time frame (e.g. existing user equipment life time);93
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
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II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
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virtually every facet of</s
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27. Time and frequency disseminatio
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Service Availability Standard39. Th
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Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
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50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
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Service Availability Standard62. Th
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71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
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the Board, mainly
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• Vertical :• Velocity:• User
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• The network of
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126. The EU and ESA have concluded
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• The Search and Rescue Service (
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invitation to tender to this effect
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2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
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183. Three phases have been identif
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an air navigation service dedicated
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• Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110: • Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112: Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114: 583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116: 589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118: Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120: University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122: Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124: Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 125 and 126: Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIXList of we
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