report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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386. In <strong>the</strong> international framework, <strong>the</strong> goal is to create a Regional Centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IGS tocontribute to <strong>the</strong> densification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ITRS and to <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tide Gauge Bench MarkMonitoring project (tide gauge control with GPS for <strong>the</strong> mean sea level study). In <strong>the</strong> nationalframework, a "zero order" geodetic reference frame is expected to be materialized in order todevelop a modern space data structure and an EP-based GPS service.387. The technology transfer to <strong>the</strong> community such as land registry, remote sensing, naturalresources, natural environment, agriculture, navigation, GIS surveyor, plays an important role in<strong>the</strong> future. It can also contribute with a high academic level <strong>of</strong> human resources training.388. In that sense <strong>the</strong> priorities are:• To set up <strong>the</strong> basis for a very high quality GPS data acquisition, management, storage anddistribution permanent service, produced by <strong>the</strong> EP net in Argentina;• To develop <strong>the</strong> procedures for precise co-ordinates and velocities determination <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>EP, relative to <strong>the</strong> best global terrestrial reference frame;• To develop <strong>the</strong> procedures to produce atmospheric corrections (ionosphere andtroposphere) for <strong>the</strong> GPS users, as well as o<strong>the</strong>r technological applications;• To transfer <strong>the</strong> development to <strong>the</strong> IGM, as well as <strong>the</strong> required training for <strong>the</strong>maintenance and usage, creating a data and products centre with full access to nationaland international users;• To encourage o<strong>the</strong>r institutions to make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> developments for <strong>the</strong> implementation<strong>of</strong> new stations or nets;• To keep on contributing to <strong>the</strong> Argentinean vertical frame, into <strong>the</strong> guidelines defined by<strong>the</strong> international SIRGAS project;• To make scientific use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> database;• To transfer <strong>the</strong> scientific results to <strong>the</strong> national and international community;• To encourage <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> high level centres working on GPS technique in Argentina;and• To train human resources for scientific research and to organize updating courses forpr<strong>of</strong>essionals.389. In Brazil, activities on satellite geodesy started in <strong>the</strong> 1970s with Transit-Doppler. At <strong>the</strong>time <strong>of</strong> writing this <strong>report</strong>, <strong>the</strong> IBGE (<strong>the</strong> Brazilian Agency for Cartography and Geodesy) hadbeen operating an active GPS network <strong>of</strong> 15 stations (dual frequency) spreading around <strong>the</strong>country, which had been used for positioning, ionosphere modelling and meteorology. INCRA (incharge <strong>of</strong> rural cadastre) has started operation <strong>of</strong> 49 continuous GPS stations (only L1).390. In 1997, a research group on Satellite Geodesy (GEGE) started activities fordevelopment, applications and teaching. It is currently developing its activities at UNESP –Presidente Prudente, São Paulo.391. Regarding satellite georeferencing, a federal law was recently approved in Brazil, whichrequires that all rural land parcels (approximately 5 million units) have to be connected to <strong>the</strong>Brazilian Reference Frame. GNSS has been playing a very important function on this particularactivity.392. Concerning <strong>the</strong> ionosphere, a group <strong>of</strong> researchers in Brazil (ITA, INPE and UNESP)have been involved in <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> an ionosphere model based on GPS data from <strong>the</strong>68
Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (RBMC) and IGS, in order to obtain better insight andprovide a better solution to <strong>the</strong> ionosphere problem in that region.393. In Colombia, <strong>the</strong>re has been active work and commitment in implementing <strong>the</strong> activitiesfor <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> and <strong>the</strong> transition to GNSS systems. Colombia’s advantages include alarge forest area, two oceans and fairly mountainous terrain, in addition to its strategicgeographical location in <strong>the</strong> centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> American continent and in <strong>the</strong> equatorial region. All<strong>the</strong>se factors compel <strong>the</strong> country to work for improvement <strong>of</strong> navigation technologies as a way todevelop its aviation system and o<strong>the</strong>r fields <strong>of</strong> its national economy. Colombia’s policy in respectto GNSS in <strong>the</strong> first phase <strong>of</strong> research and development has been that <strong>of</strong> opening up tointernational co-operation, in order to technically evaluate all <strong>the</strong> possibilities <strong>of</strong> GNSS systems.394. A working paper presented during <strong>the</strong> Eleventh Air Navigation Conference, which tookplace from 22 September to 3 October 2003 in Montreal, Canada, elaborated on <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong>GNSS implementation in Colombia, <strong>the</strong> work that has been made in terms <strong>of</strong> progress and onstrengths and challenges with respect to transition to GNSS. The paper concluded that “it isimportant for States which are nei<strong>the</strong>r owners nor developers <strong>of</strong> a given GNSS technology toevaluate each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> possible technological solutions with respect to satellite navigation”. Thisshould be done with a view to obtain more information in order to make a judgement at <strong>the</strong> time<strong>of</strong> defining <strong>the</strong> most suitable technological solution according to cost and benefit criteria. Ano<strong>the</strong>rimportant hint for developing countries was based on <strong>the</strong> conclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paper that “work andprogress in GNSS do not necessarily require large investments on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> States; tasks such aslinking up with universities and research centres and appropriate training <strong>of</strong> human resources arevery significant elements in <strong>the</strong> transition to a contribution by States for GNSS”.3. Asia and <strong>the</strong> Pacific395. Regarding EGNOS Trials in <strong>the</strong> People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> China, in early 2004, ESTB trialswere conducted in <strong>the</strong> country in co-operation with several institutes in <strong>the</strong> region (ChineseSeismological Bureau, Daliah Maritime Institute, Chiangjiang Waterway Institute). Theimprovements in accuracy brought about by <strong>the</strong> experimental EGNOS signal were demonstratedin a boat navigating on <strong>the</strong> Yangtze River supported with <strong>the</strong> deployment <strong>of</strong> a set <strong>of</strong> mobileESTB stations.396. In India, <strong>the</strong> data regarding <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> airports, facilities at <strong>the</strong>se airports, and airpassenger forecasts are given in <strong>the</strong> paragraphs below.397. There are 449 airports and airstrips in India. Among <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>the</strong> Airports Authority <strong>of</strong> India(AAI) owns and manages 82 airports and 28 civilian enclaves. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> airports are equippedwith NDB. There are 80 VORs, 76 DMEs and 39 ILSs at <strong>the</strong> Indian Airports maintained by AAI.The principal communication system in India has been HF, which is progressively being changedto VHF.398. For surveillance, <strong>the</strong> Airports Authority <strong>of</strong> India has 14 MSSRs (Mono-pulse SecondarySurveillance Radars), 8 Airport Surveillance Radars (ASRs), 2 Air-Route Surveillance Radars(ARSRs) and 2 ASDEs (Airport Surface Detection Equipments). Two airports (Chennai andKolkata) have been equipped with Automatic Dependence Surveillance (ADS) and Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC). There are about 350 registered aircrafts in India withvarious air carriers, air taxis and aircrafts for business.69
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
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II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
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virtually every facet of</s
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27. Time and frequency disseminatio
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Service Availability Standard39. Th
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Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
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50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110: • Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112: Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114: 583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116: 589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118: Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120: University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122: Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124: Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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APPENDIXList of we
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