report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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Plata, Puerto Belgrano, Puerto Madryn y Puerto Deseado. From <strong>the</strong>se data <strong>the</strong> first verticalvelocity estimation <strong>of</strong> Earth’s crust in some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tide gauge involved was computed.Ionosphere373. The ionosphere is <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper atmosphere where <strong>the</strong> free electron density is highenough to disturb <strong>the</strong> propagation <strong>of</strong> radio frequency electromagnetic waves. Free electrons aremainly produced by <strong>the</strong> photoionisation <strong>of</strong> neutral atoms and molecules <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> atmosphere evokedby <strong>the</strong> UV solar radiation. However, many complex physical phenomena in <strong>the</strong> solar-terrestrialenvironment participate in <strong>the</strong> production and loosing <strong>of</strong> electrons and in conditioning <strong>the</strong>irspatial distribution and temporal variations.374. The first studies that made use <strong>of</strong> GPS observations to determine empirical ionosphericmodels can be traced back to <strong>the</strong> late 1980s. In that connection, GPS can be presently considered<strong>the</strong> most powerful means to study <strong>the</strong> ionospheric wea<strong>the</strong>r. Even if <strong>the</strong> ionospheric research hasnot been <strong>the</strong> objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IGS, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IGS products provides a real topography <strong>of</strong> thismedium. The IGS maps <strong>of</strong> total electron content are <strong>of</strong> high quality and with a good globalcoverage.375. An ionospheric model has been developed to analyse <strong>the</strong> total electron content from GPSobservations and has been used to study <strong>the</strong> geographic and time variability <strong>of</strong> this parameter atregional and global scales, in quiet and perturbed geomagnetic conditions. A three-dimensionaltopography <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> electron density has also been developed using GPS ground and spacereceivers.Innovation, development and transference376. In <strong>the</strong> last decade, <strong>the</strong> Argentinean geodetic reference frame has substantially evolved,despite <strong>the</strong> difficulties <strong>of</strong> developing geodetic infrastructures in parallel by <strong>the</strong> individualprovinces and <strong>the</strong> nation. At <strong>the</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1990s, those activities were decentralised by <strong>the</strong>creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> program called “Programa de Saneamiento Financiero y Desarrollo Económico delas Provincias Argentinas”, a program for financial monitoring and economic development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Argentinean provinces, supported by international credit allotted to <strong>the</strong> provinces. During <strong>the</strong> lastdecade, <strong>the</strong> Ordnance Survey Offices from different provinces had invested a large amount <strong>of</strong>money to establish traditional geodetic networks, with <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> eliminating <strong>the</strong> problemsrelated to land registry.377. Until <strong>the</strong> mid 1990s, <strong>the</strong> geologic, geodetic and geodesic surveys and <strong>the</strong> generalcartography <strong>of</strong> Argentina were linked to <strong>the</strong> traditional geodetic network called Campo Inchauspe69. The joint effort <strong>of</strong> IGM and GESA contributed to a new national geodetic network based onGPS measurements, named POSGAR 94 (Posiciones Geodésicas Argentinas de 1994). This newnetwork is ten times more precise and a hundred times more accurate than <strong>the</strong> previous one; itwas <strong>of</strong>ficially adopted in Argentina as <strong>the</strong> geodetic and cartographic standard (Disposición 13/97del IGM).378. The IGM jointly with GESA improved <strong>the</strong> POSGAR 94 network, by linking it toSIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las Américas) and to <strong>the</strong> international system,ITRF. GESA was responsible for <strong>the</strong> calculation <strong>of</strong> this improved network, POSGAR 98.66
379. Argentina has at present a “first order” reference frame (POSGAR 98), materialised byabout 130 points, with <strong>the</strong> addition <strong>of</strong> points in <strong>the</strong> different provinces with variable accuracy andprecision, with a total <strong>of</strong> about 2000 points in <strong>the</strong> Argentinean territory. GESA has also computed<strong>the</strong> fundamental geodetic net <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> three provinces Chubut, Río Negro and Tucumán and somemining geodetic networks.380. POSGAR 98 is an excellent example <strong>of</strong> an achievement by ITRF; however, its qualitydegrades with time. Unfortunately, <strong>the</strong>re are no available precise tectonic velocities to update <strong>the</strong>co-ordinates. The modern tendency to solve this trouble is to establish a “zero-order” referenceframe materialized by a set <strong>of</strong> PS operating continuously. In <strong>the</strong> same way, it is possible todetermine very accurate co-ordinates and tectonic velocities keeping thus <strong>the</strong> good quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>reference frame.381. Several PS have been installed in <strong>the</strong> country in <strong>the</strong> last years. At <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> writing this<strong>report</strong>, <strong>the</strong>re were approximately 17 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GPS receivers were introduced byscientific groups from Germany and <strong>the</strong> United States. Argentina contributes to this programmeby providing <strong>the</strong> necessary infrastructure and <strong>the</strong> human resources by means <strong>of</strong> agreements withforeign scientific groups. Almost twenty local institutions have participated in this enterprise withdifferent levels <strong>of</strong> commitment.382. GESA also has responsibility for six fully operative PS located at La Plata, Mar del Plata,Bahía Blanca, Rawson, Puerto Deseado and Río Grande. All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m are <strong>the</strong> result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>scientific co-operation <strong>of</strong> GESA with two German institutions: Deutsches GeodätischesForschungsinstitut (DGFI) and <strong>the</strong> Ge<strong>of</strong>orschung Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ).383. Besides <strong>the</strong> scientific pr<strong>of</strong>it, those PS are used by different practical applications. All <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>m have contributed to <strong>the</strong> Argentinean Network for Continuous Satellite Monitoring (RedArgentina de Monitoreo Satelital Continuo, R.A.M.Sa.C.). The Naval Hydrographic Service(SHN, Servicio de Hidrografía Naval) also uses <strong>the</strong> PS <strong>of</strong> Mar del Plata and Puerto Deseado. Thesurveying group <strong>of</strong> Universidad Nacional del Sur utilizes <strong>the</strong> PS <strong>of</strong> Bahía Blanca. Finally, <strong>the</strong>Ordnance Survey and Territorial Information Office <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Province <strong>of</strong> Chubut (Dirección deCadastro e Información Territorial) uses <strong>the</strong> PS <strong>of</strong> Rawson.384. Co-operation was achieved in <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> inter-institutional contracts andagreements. Likewise, GESA actively contributes to <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> human resources by givinglectures in meetings and courses organized by pr<strong>of</strong>essional surveying councils in <strong>the</strong> Argentineanprovinces as well as by universities. These activities have allowed for <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> an effectivelink with a wide sector <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community <strong>of</strong> users <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> geo-positioning by satellite. On one side,<strong>the</strong>re was a need to contribute to <strong>the</strong> dissemination <strong>of</strong> scientific knowledge among <strong>the</strong> users,particularly those concepts related to reference frames and co-ordinates management. On <strong>the</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r side, <strong>the</strong> urgent necessities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> users have oriented a part <strong>of</strong> activities related to <strong>the</strong>development <strong>of</strong> procedures or technologies for users.Future activities385. Present efforts have focused on creating <strong>the</strong> synergy necessary to set up a group <strong>of</strong>dispersed potentiality in different universities, research institutes and many organisms withinfluence over <strong>the</strong> planning, <strong>the</strong> carrying out and <strong>the</strong> control <strong>of</strong> development policies.This proposal tends to achieve results in <strong>the</strong> national and international framework, as well as in<strong>the</strong> scientific and technological domains.67
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
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II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
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virtually every facet of</s
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27. Time and frequency disseminatio
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Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71: with respect to the</strong
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110: • Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112: Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114: 583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116: 589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118: Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120: University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122: Annex III: Italian universities and
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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APPENDIXList of we
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