report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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will be significantly useful to all States for building GNSS technical capability and humanresources in <strong>the</strong> Latin American and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean regions.Satellite Geodesy Group (SGG)347. The activities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> group are concentrated on two regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country: Tierra delFuego, <strong>the</strong> island in <strong>the</strong> far South <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Argentinean territory, and <strong>the</strong> Province <strong>of</strong> Buenos Aires,on <strong>the</strong> Rio de la Plata.348. In 1993, <strong>the</strong> first Argentinean provincial network was built up, measured and calculatedby <strong>the</strong> SGG in Tierra del Fuego. This network has been used to develop a GIS in a moderngeodetic framework in co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Tierra del Fuego Geodetic Service.349. This network has been measured several times to detect tectonic movements. In 1999, <strong>the</strong>first signal <strong>of</strong> displacements between <strong>the</strong> Scotia and <strong>the</strong> South American plates was <strong>report</strong>ed by<strong>the</strong> SGG.350. At 2002, <strong>the</strong> network was being expanded to improve <strong>the</strong> resolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se results. In1999, <strong>the</strong> Geographic Military Institute established <strong>the</strong> first levelling line in Tierra del Fuego. Aco-operation agreement was carried out to measure this line with GPS in <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>province network. The differences between mean sea level heights and GPS ellipsoidal heightsallowed <strong>the</strong> SGG to obtain valuable information on <strong>the</strong> geoid behaviour in <strong>the</strong> Tierra del Fuegoregion. However, <strong>the</strong> spatial distribution <strong>of</strong> this data was quite poor since <strong>the</strong>re were large regionsdifficult to reach.351. In 2002, a co-operation programme with <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Dresden (Germany) waslaunched. The project would use <strong>the</strong> Fagnano lake surface as a gigantic level measuring with GPSin special buoys, toge<strong>the</strong>r with tide gauges information. These new measurements are expected tosignificantly improve <strong>the</strong> Tierra del Fuego geoid model.352. It is also important to note that a permanent GPS station has been operated in Rio Grande(IGS-riog) by SGG in co-operation with <strong>the</strong> GFZ (Germany).353. The Buenos Aires province is <strong>the</strong> richest region <strong>of</strong> Argentina. Its area is comparable tothat <strong>of</strong> Germany. In 1977, La Plata University and <strong>the</strong> Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Province <strong>of</strong> BuenosAires signed an agreement to establish a high precision GPS network in <strong>the</strong> province. The taskwas achieved by <strong>the</strong> SGG working in co-operation with <strong>the</strong> local geodetic service.354. In 1998, a first network containing 200 points was finished and in 2002 a densificationwas carried out adding 100 new points. This network was developed using <strong>the</strong> same marks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>national levelling network allowing <strong>the</strong> direct determination <strong>of</strong> a centimetre accurate geoid modelfor <strong>the</strong> region. In 2000, <strong>the</strong> Buenos Aires geodetic service established <strong>the</strong> obligation to refer all<strong>the</strong> rural parcels to this network as a first step for a local GIS.355. It is also important to point out that <strong>the</strong> first permanent GPS station in Argentina (IGSlpgs)was installed in 1995 in this Faculty by <strong>the</strong> SGG in co-operation with <strong>the</strong> GFZ (Germany).62
356. O<strong>the</strong>r activities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Group:• Measurements and process <strong>of</strong> about 300 sites along <strong>the</strong> Argentinean coastline to define<strong>the</strong> 200 miles marine border by co-ordinates (in co-operation with <strong>the</strong> HydrographicNaval Service);• Co-operation in several scientific campaigns (SAGA in co-operation with GFZ, San Juantectonic displacements with <strong>the</strong> San Juan National University, Central Andes Project for<strong>the</strong> Memphis University, etc.);• Several GPS services (to georeference satellite images, photogrametric plates, to establishlocal reference frames, to validate GPS equipment, etc.); and• About 20 courses on GPS applications on different fields.Georreferenciación Satelital (GESA)357. In Argentina, <strong>the</strong> GNSS activities developed by <strong>the</strong> group GESA (GeorreferenciaciónSatelital) in <strong>the</strong> last fifteen years in <strong>the</strong> country are described in this <strong>report</strong>. GESA is a group <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> La Plata University specialized in <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> GNSS to scientific research, innovationand technology transfer to <strong>the</strong> private sector through <strong>the</strong> provision <strong>of</strong> high-quality services. Ouractivities are developed at <strong>the</strong> Faculty <strong>of</strong> Astronomical and Geophysical Sciences (FCAG,Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Ge<strong>of</strong>ísicas) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> La Plata National University (UNLP,Universidad Nacional de La Plata). The group was created in 1988 and its first goal was to spreadGNSS techniques in <strong>the</strong> university and <strong>the</strong> local surveyors. The first National Seminar on GPSwas organized in 1988 with <strong>the</strong> co-operation <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> FCAG.358. An important achievement has been <strong>the</strong> design <strong>of</strong> a national survey network with morethan one hundred points based on <strong>the</strong> new techniques. This has been made possible thanks to anagreement between <strong>the</strong> Military Geographic Institute <strong>of</strong> Argentina (IGM, Instituto GeográficoMilitar) and <strong>the</strong> American University consortium UNAVCO. The potentiality <strong>of</strong> this networkinterested <strong>the</strong> “Economic development and financial cleanse Project for <strong>the</strong> ArgentineanProvinces” (Proyecto de Saneamiento Financiero y Desarrollo Económico de las ProvinciasArgentinas). Such project asked GESA to perform <strong>the</strong> calculation and compensation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> netthat became <strong>the</strong> present National Geodetic Reference System POSGAR 94 (IGM resolution13/97).359. Since 1992, members <strong>of</strong> GESA give lectures on GNSS in different regions <strong>of</strong> Argentina.The attendees come mostly from universities and survey organizations.All <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> GESA participate in scientific projects undertaken in co-operation withprestigious universities and international research centres. Since 1994, GESA has established cooperationwith <strong>the</strong> Institut für Navigation (Stuttgart University, Germany), <strong>the</strong> DeutschesGeodätisches Forschungsinstitut (München, Germany), Observatoire de Paris (Paris, France), <strong>the</strong>Technische Universität (TU Wien, Vienna, Austria) and <strong>the</strong> Aeronomy and Radio-PropagationLaboratory Abdous Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), (Trieste, Italy).Several graduate and postgraduate students developed <strong>the</strong>ir Ph.D.s or <strong>the</strong>ir research work under<strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> GESA scientists. GESA members have a considerable experience providingtechnical services to <strong>of</strong>ficial institutions and private enterprises by means <strong>of</strong> contracts.Scientific research - Terrestrial Reference Frame360. Space Geodesy has contributed substantially to <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> our planet and to <strong>the</strong>comprehension <strong>of</strong> its physical processes. Examples <strong>of</strong> this are <strong>the</strong> geometry and kinematics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>solid Earth, <strong>the</strong> polar caps and <strong>the</strong> oceans, <strong>the</strong> irregularities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Earth rotation and <strong>the</strong>ir63
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
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II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
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virtually every facet of</s
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27. Time and frequency disseminatio
Page 17 and 18: Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110: • Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112: Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114: 583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116: 589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118: Annex I: Indian universities, resea
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University/researchinstitute/compan
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Annex III: Italian universities and
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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APPENDIXList of we
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