report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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estimated to benefit from <strong>the</strong>se new phones which are equipped with position locationfacilities.b) Modernisation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> airspace:• Selection <strong>of</strong> appropriate technology (SBAS, GBAS, etc.) for a given developing country,consistent with <strong>the</strong> ICAO CNS/ATM regional plans;• Decision by developing countries on <strong>the</strong> extent and scope <strong>of</strong> co-operation with <strong>the</strong>existing and planned constellations; and• Assistance to <strong>the</strong> developing countries in implementing <strong>the</strong> ground segment accordingly.c) Use <strong>of</strong> GNSS for intelligent vehicle highway systems:• Use <strong>of</strong> GNSS technology in railway safety as anti-collision systems;• Navigation <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r land mobile systems toge<strong>the</strong>r with mobile phones; and• Inexpensive wagon tracking and car navigation systems.d) Meeting <strong>the</strong> needs <strong>of</strong> emergency and natural disaster mitigations.e) Precision agriculture.f) Applications <strong>of</strong> GNSS in o<strong>the</strong>r lands (car navigation) and marine-based applications.g) Advancement in o<strong>the</strong>r areas <strong>of</strong> scientific endeavour where navigation techniques can beused such as accurate wea<strong>the</strong>r predictions and Earth sciences applications.h) Timing and frequency transmission for telecom applications.B. Applications predominant in specific regions1. Europe315. There is a large and increasing number <strong>of</strong> satellite positioning and navigation applicationsin <strong>the</strong> Eastern and Central European region. The summary <strong>of</strong> activities given below is by far notexhaustive, ra<strong>the</strong>r indicative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> variety by topics and countries. This compilation is largelybased on <strong>the</strong> presentations given at <strong>the</strong> Second United Nations/United States <strong>of</strong> America RegionalWorkshop on <strong>the</strong> Use and Applications <strong>of</strong> Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for <strong>the</strong>benefit <strong>of</strong> countries in Central and Eastern Europe, held from 26 to 30 November 2001 in Vienna,Austria.316. There is a wide range <strong>of</strong> existing applications <strong>of</strong> GNSS in environmental monitoring.Among <strong>the</strong> examples, an air pollution information system has been developed in Austria usingmobile air quality measurement sites. In Azerbaijan, aircraft experiments have been conducted tomonitor <strong>the</strong> critical environmental zones. Land and water bodies have also been generallysurveyed with GNSS in many countries. In addition, radon field mapping has been assisted byGNSS in Slovakia, as well as mapping <strong>of</strong> climate phenomena. In Hungary, sites <strong>of</strong> regular soilmonitoring have been re-occupied using GNSS measurements. Moreover, to ensure that <strong>the</strong>system works without interference, <strong>the</strong> radio interference affecting GNSS signals is alsoinvestigated.56
317. Agricultural applications include monitoring <strong>of</strong> crop and soil as well as surveying <strong>the</strong>fertility <strong>of</strong> agricultural fields in order to control <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> chemicals and fertilizers. Forexample, a GNSS-assisted agricultural monitoring programme on <strong>the</strong> field scale is going on inRomania.318. There is a widespread use <strong>of</strong> GNSS in <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> transportation in this region as well.This includes car navigation, fleet management, journey data logging, car <strong>the</strong>ft reconnaissance,road and railroad surveys, airport surveys, flight navigation, air traffic control, etc.319. The GNSS (GPS) technique revolutionized <strong>the</strong> way in which geodetic measurements aremade. Nowadays, national, regional and global geodetic reference networks are based largely onGNSS measurements. In Hungary, as an example, <strong>the</strong> GPS-based horizontal land surveyingreference network consists <strong>of</strong> more than 1100-point marks. A particular technology has beendeveloped and now routinely applied for <strong>the</strong> densification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> levelling network as well. TheState land surveying authority is building up and maintaining a national reference network <strong>of</strong>permanently operational GNSS stations. The GNSS technique is also successfully used in Stateborder surveys.320. The regional co-operation on <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> GNSS (GPS) technique for high-precisiongeodetic and geophysical applications has a long-standing tradition in Eastern and CentralEurope. Within <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Central European Initiative (CEI), Working Group ”Scienceand Technology”, Section C ”Geodesy”, a project called Central Europe Regional GeodynamicsProject (CERGOP) was launched as early as in 1993. The 14 participating countries (Albania,Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy,Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine) realised that <strong>the</strong> new global space geodetictechnique provides a unique opportunity to integrate <strong>the</strong> geodynamic research in <strong>the</strong> region, both<strong>the</strong> reference network (<strong>the</strong> Central European GPS Geodynamic Reference Network, CEGRN) and<strong>the</strong> scientific data reduction and interpretation methodology. The main objectives <strong>of</strong> CERGOPwere to investigate <strong>the</strong> present-day geotectonic features in <strong>the</strong> Central European region, and toprovide a stable reference network for smaller-scale (sub-regional or local) deformation studies.321. The first phase <strong>of</strong> CERGOP was concluded in 1998. However, due to <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>collaboration and <strong>the</strong> long-term nature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> geotectonic processes, <strong>the</strong> project is beingcontinued. At present, <strong>the</strong> Consortium for Central European GPS Geodynamic ReferenceNetwork (CEGRN) contains 63 geodetic sites, with 29 permanent GPS stations distributed in <strong>the</strong>participating countries. The network is re-measured at least once in every 2 years. Presently, datafrom 6 monitoring campaigns are available. The measurements are conducted and analysed with<strong>the</strong> highest possible precision. The first scientific analysis <strong>of</strong> GPS data between 1994 and 1997provided a RMS repeatability <strong>of</strong> around 2 mm in <strong>the</strong> horizontal and 5-6 mm in <strong>the</strong> verticalcomponent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> site positions for each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> four observing campaigns. According to <strong>the</strong> resultsconcerning <strong>the</strong> present-day tectonics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong> Central Europe seemsgenerally stable since <strong>the</strong> velocities are under 2 mm per year. The sou<strong>the</strong>rn sites close to <strong>the</strong> plateboundary zone, however, show displacements <strong>of</strong> several mm per year.322. In 2001, representatives <strong>of</strong> 13 Eastern and Central European countries signed <strong>the</strong>Memorandum <strong>of</strong> Agreement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CEGRN Consortium (www.fomi.hu/cegrn). As <strong>the</strong> neworganizational structure <strong>of</strong> CERGOP, <strong>the</strong> Consortium is a non-pr<strong>of</strong>it organization <strong>of</strong> institutesthat supports and promotes co-ordinated establishment and maintenance <strong>of</strong> CEGRN sites. Itmonitors <strong>the</strong> network by using GNSS (GPS) measurements on a permanent and regular basis, aswell as <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> a data centre and processing centres. The scientific work was divided57
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
Page 11 and 12: II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
Page 13 and 14: virtually every facet of</s
Page 15 and 16: 27. Time and frequency disseminatio
Page 17 and 18: Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110: • Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112: Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114:
583. The need to develop th
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589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
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Annex I: Indian universities, resea
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University/researchinstitute/compan
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Annex III: Italian universities and
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
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APPENDIXList of we
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report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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