report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

estimated to benefit from <strong>the</strong>se new phones which are equipped with position locationfacilities.b) Modernisation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> airspace:• Selection <strong>of</strong> appropriate technology (SBAS, GBAS, etc.) for a given developing country,consistent with <strong>the</strong> ICAO CNS/ATM regional plans;• Decision by developing countries on <strong>the</strong> extent and scope <strong>of</strong> co-operation with <strong>the</strong>existing and planned constellations; and• Assistance to <strong>the</strong> developing countries in implementing <strong>the</strong> ground segment accordingly.c) Use <strong>of</strong> GNSS for intelligent vehicle highway systems:• Use <strong>of</strong> GNSS technology in railway safety as anti-collision systems;• Navigation <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r land mobile systems toge<strong>the</strong>r with mobile phones; and• Inexpensive wagon tracking and car navigation systems.d) Meeting <strong>the</strong> needs <strong>of</strong> emergency and natural disaster mitigations.e) Precision agriculture.f) Applications <strong>of</strong> GNSS in o<strong>the</strong>r lands (car navigation) and marine-based applications.g) Advancement in o<strong>the</strong>r areas <strong>of</strong> scientific endeavour where navigation techniques can beused such as accurate wea<strong>the</strong>r predictions and Earth sciences applications.h) Timing and frequency transmission for telecom applications.B. Applications predominant in specific regions1. Europe315. There is a large and increasing number <strong>of</strong> satellite positioning and navigation applicationsin <strong>the</strong> Eastern and Central European region. The summary <strong>of</strong> activities given below is by far notexhaustive, ra<strong>the</strong>r indicative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> variety by topics and countries. This compilation is largelybased on <strong>the</strong> presentations given at <strong>the</strong> Second United Nations/United States <strong>of</strong> America RegionalWorkshop on <strong>the</strong> Use and Applications <strong>of</strong> Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for <strong>the</strong>benefit <strong>of</strong> countries in Central and Eastern Europe, held from 26 to 30 November 2001 in Vienna,Austria.316. There is a wide range <strong>of</strong> existing applications <strong>of</strong> GNSS in environmental monitoring.Among <strong>the</strong> examples, an air pollution information system has been developed in Austria usingmobile air quality measurement sites. In Azerbaijan, aircraft experiments have been conducted tomonitor <strong>the</strong> critical environmental zones. Land and water bodies have also been generallysurveyed with GNSS in many countries. In addition, radon field mapping has been assisted byGNSS in Slovakia, as well as mapping <strong>of</strong> climate phenomena. In Hungary, sites <strong>of</strong> regular soilmonitoring have been re-occupied using GNSS measurements. Moreover, to ensure that <strong>the</strong>system works without interference, <strong>the</strong> radio interference affecting GNSS signals is alsoinvestigated.56