report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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analyze <strong>the</strong> time signal from Global Positioning System Occultation Sensors (GPSOS) asdescribed in paragraphs 238 to 241 below. 5238. Geometric determinations <strong>of</strong> location depend on inferences about <strong>the</strong> atmospherictemperature and moisture concentrations. They provide valuable complementary information totropospheric infrared and microwave sounders about <strong>the</strong> tropopause and stratosphere. Raybending and changes in <strong>the</strong> phase and amplitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> transmitted signals allowing inference <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> upper atmosphere temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile to <strong>the</strong> order <strong>of</strong> 1 deg K or better between altitudes <strong>of</strong> 8to 30 km in layers (with footprints ranging between 1 km x 30 km to 1 km x 200 km extent) withnear global coverage. The coverage would be expected to be evenly spread over <strong>the</strong> globe, exceptfor polar regions. The system measures upper atmospheric virtual temperature pr<strong>of</strong>iles; <strong>the</strong>refore,data from <strong>the</strong> lower atmosphere would require alternate data to separate vapour pressure andtemperature traces.239. The Global Positioning System Occultation Sensor (GPSOS) will measure <strong>the</strong> refr<strong>action</strong><strong>of</strong> radio-wave signals from <strong>the</strong> GPS constellation and GLONASS. This uses occultation between<strong>the</strong> constellation <strong>of</strong> GPS satellite transmitters and receivers on LEO satellites. The GPSOS willbe used operationally for spacecraft navigation, characterizing <strong>the</strong> ionosphere, and experimentallyto determine tropospheric temperature and humidity. A similar system, GPSMET, flew in 1995.A GPS occultation system was provided for launch on <strong>the</strong> Oersted/Sunsat mission and variationswill also be included on CHAMP, SAC-C and GRACE, all scheduled to be launched before 2001.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was planning to manifest aGPSOS on all NPOESS platforms.240. The European Polar-orbiting Satellite (METOP), due to be launched in 2004, is expectedto fly a GPS Radio occultation Atmospheric Sounder (GRAS). GRAS will provide “all wea<strong>the</strong>r”temperature pr<strong>of</strong>iles with high vertical resolution in <strong>the</strong> upper troposphere and stratosphere, andhumidity pr<strong>of</strong>iles in <strong>the</strong> lower troposphere.241. A promising research GPS system is COSMIC (Constellation Observing System forMeteorology, Ionosphere and Climate). The National Space Program Office (NSPO) in <strong>the</strong>People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> China, <strong>the</strong> University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), <strong>the</strong>Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), <strong>the</strong> Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Texasat Austin, <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong> Arizona, Florida State University and o<strong>the</strong>r partners in <strong>the</strong> universitycommunity are developing COSMIC, a project for wea<strong>the</strong>r and climate research, climatemonitoring, space wea<strong>the</strong>r, and geodetic science. COSMIC was planning to launch eight LEOsatellites in 2002, with each COSMIC satellite retrieving about 500 daily pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> keyionospheric and atmospheric properties from <strong>the</strong> tracked GPS radio-signals as <strong>the</strong>y are occultedbehind <strong>the</strong> Earth limb. The constellation will provide frequent global snapshots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>atmosphere and ionosphere with about 4000 daily soundings (See web site,http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cosmic/index.html).D. International organizationsEuropean Group <strong>of</strong> Institutes <strong>of</strong> Navigation242. The European Group <strong>of</strong> Institutes <strong>of</strong> Navigation (EUGIN) is an international association,with scientific and educational purposes. More precisely, <strong>the</strong> objectives <strong>of</strong> EUGIN are:5 The description is an excerpt from <strong>the</strong> World Wea<strong>the</strong>r Watch, Technical Report No. 20, ObservingSystems Technologies and <strong>the</strong>ir Use in <strong>the</strong> Next Decade, WMO/TD No. 1040.44
• Provide consultancy and advice to European institutions in <strong>the</strong> fields <strong>of</strong> navigation, trafficmanagement and related communication and training;• Favour, by whatever methods are possible, <strong>action</strong>s assisting in <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> panEuropean policies and strategies in <strong>the</strong> general field <strong>of</strong> navigation and trafficmanagement, and in particular in <strong>the</strong> emerging field <strong>of</strong> satellite navigation;• Foster co-operation and information exchange between its members and any competentauthorities or organizations active in <strong>the</strong> above-mentioned fields <strong>of</strong> expertise;• Provide information in its field <strong>of</strong> expertise to <strong>the</strong> public by organising conferences andsymposia; publishing books and papers; and participating in electronic methods <strong>of</strong> datadissemination; and• In general, to undertake anything which has a bearing directly or indirectly in whole or inpart on EUGIN's objectives as given here, or which would be liable to facilitate or aid<strong>the</strong>ir realisation.243. Member institutes <strong>of</strong> EUGIN are: French Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (IFN), German Institute<strong>of</strong> Navigation (DGON), Italian Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (IIN), Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation(NIN), Nordic Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (NNF), Royal Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (RIN), AustrianInstitute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (OVN), Spanish Institute <strong>of</strong> Navigation (INAVE) and <strong>the</strong> Swiss Institute<strong>of</strong> Navigation (SION).International GPS Service244. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides unprecedented potential for preciseground- and space-based positioning, timing and navigation anywhere in <strong>the</strong> world. Extremelyprecise use <strong>of</strong> GPS, particularly for Earth Sciences applications, stem largely from activities <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> International GPS Service (IGS), established in 1994. More than 200 organizations in 80countries contribute daily to <strong>the</strong> IGS, which is dependent upon a cooperative global trackingnetwork <strong>of</strong> over 350 GPS stations. Data are collected continuously and archived at globallydistributed Data Centers. Analysis Centers retrieve <strong>the</strong> data and produce <strong>the</strong> most accurate GPSdata products available anywhere, e.g., GPS orbits at <strong>the</strong> 3-5 cm level 3D-wrms, sub-centimeterstation positions, velocities at <strong>the</strong> millimeter level and time transfer at <strong>the</strong> sub-nanosecond level.IGS provides users easy access to <strong>the</strong> precise international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF),generated in partnership with <strong>the</strong> International Earth Rotation and Reference System (IERS) ando<strong>the</strong>r complementary geodetic techniques such as satellite laser ranging, and very long baselineinterferometry. Since 1998 <strong>the</strong> IGS operates a pilot project based on a sub-network <strong>of</strong> GLONASSstations. Analysis Centers produce <strong>the</strong> precise relation between <strong>the</strong> GPS-GLONASS systems and<strong>the</strong> best orbits for <strong>the</strong> GLONASS constellation, ~ 25cm 3D-wrms. IGS plans to incorporateGALILEO signals when <strong>the</strong>y become available in order to derive <strong>the</strong> greatest scientific benefitfrom combined GNSS applications.245. IGS data and data products are made accessible to users reflecting <strong>the</strong> commitment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>organizations to an open data policy. The IGS serves many thousands <strong>of</strong> users and is viewed as avery successful scientific federation and a model for international co-operation. IGS is arecognised scientific service <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> International Association <strong>of</strong> Geodesy (IAG).Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM)246. The BIPM is located at Sèvres, in <strong>the</strong> outskirts <strong>of</strong> Paris, France. The task <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BIPM isto ensure worldwide uniformity <strong>of</strong> measurements and <strong>the</strong>ir traceability to <strong>the</strong> InternationalSystem <strong>of</strong> Units (SI). It performs this task with <strong>the</strong> authority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Convention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Metre, a45
Page 1 and 2: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
Page 3 and 4: This document has not been formally
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
Page 7 and 8: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
Page 9 and 10: Product4. The product of</s
Page 11 and 12: II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
Page 13 and 14: virtually every facet of</s
Page 15 and 16: 27. Time and frequency disseminatio
Page 17 and 18: Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102:
Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104:
appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106:
VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108:
for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110:
• Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112:
Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114:
583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116:
589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118:
Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120:
University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122:
Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 125 and 126:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIXList of we
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report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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