report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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transport. In <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> ICAO and IMO, <strong>the</strong> Commission believes that satellite navigation is akey element in improving safety while allowing savings through decommissioning <strong>of</strong> terrestrialinfrastructure. These benefits fall to industrialised and developing countries alike due to <strong>the</strong>global character and technical design <strong>of</strong> GALILEO.118. The usefulness <strong>of</strong> GNSS is not limited to <strong>the</strong> transport community. The studies financedby <strong>the</strong> EC and ESA conclude that it has obvious applications in future UMTS location-basedservices, dealing with natural disasters and civil protection matters and enabling <strong>the</strong> emergencyservices (firefighters, police, sea and mountain rescue, etc.) to provide more rapid assistance topersons in danger. The same can apply to managing humanitarian aid in regions affected bynatural or man-made disasters. O<strong>the</strong>r proposed applications include guidance for <strong>the</strong> blind,monitoring <strong>of</strong> persons affected by Alzheimer's disease with memory loss, and orientation aids for<strong>the</strong> leisure industry such as hiking.119. This technology can be used as a surveying tool for town planning purposes and majorpublic works, as well as for geographical information systems to manage agricultural land moreefficiently and help protect <strong>the</strong> environment. The accuracy <strong>of</strong> measurements will also provideearly warning <strong>of</strong> earthquakes, contributing thus to prevent natural disasters and save human lives.120. Time synchronisation is an important “invisible” application <strong>of</strong> satellite navigation thatwill penetrate modern economies. Electricity grids, mobile telephony and banking networks need<strong>the</strong> extreme accuracy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> satellites' atomic clock for reference purposes. On-line systems and e-commerce have already created needs for accurate and legally accepted electronic methods suchas time stamping to improve <strong>the</strong> traceability, tractability and liability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> user information.121. With its global coverage, GALILEO will be <strong>of</strong> key importance to countries whoseinfrastructures on <strong>the</strong> ground are less developed, particularly in tropical and equatorial zones, notleast because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> possibilities it <strong>of</strong>fers in <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> mapping and civil engineering. It will helpto manage <strong>the</strong> crucial natural resources, <strong>the</strong> airspace and to promote international trade.122. The multitude <strong>of</strong> already existing applications caused concern in <strong>the</strong> European Union in<strong>the</strong> early 1990s about <strong>the</strong> limits and risks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> adequacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> existing satellite navigationservices in <strong>the</strong> future.123. It was, in fact, questioned at that time whe<strong>the</strong>r systems created to serve primarily <strong>the</strong>defense interests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States (GPS) and <strong>the</strong> Russian Federation (GLONASS) would beable to fulfil <strong>the</strong> growing needs <strong>of</strong> Europe in <strong>the</strong> civilian fields described above.124. To what degree can <strong>the</strong> European society depend on services over which it has nocontrol? How does one solve <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> prompt warnings <strong>of</strong> possible malfunctioning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>seservices to <strong>the</strong> users? How does one improve <strong>the</strong> availability and coverage problems <strong>of</strong> usersworldwide and particularly in <strong>the</strong> areas at geographical disadvantage in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn and sou<strong>the</strong>rnhemispheres? Also, should <strong>the</strong> European Union remain a “free rider” in this global and strategictechnology?125. Moreover, how far can <strong>the</strong> risks to reliability and vulnerability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> navigation signal becontained? Cases <strong>of</strong> service disruption have been <strong>report</strong>ed over <strong>the</strong> past years and <strong>the</strong>y have haddifferent origins including unintentional interference, satellite failure and signal degradation. As amatter <strong>of</strong> fact, by 2007-2008 <strong>the</strong> dependence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Union on GNSS and itsapplications will be as far-reaching as that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States.26
126. The EU and ESA have concluded in successive stages that uncertainties <strong>of</strong> this kind, <strong>the</strong>monopolistic role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GPS and <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> civil control do limit <strong>the</strong> usefulness <strong>of</strong> currentlyavailable GNSS applications in <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> future economies. They have committed <strong>the</strong>mselvesto share with <strong>the</strong> current GNSS States <strong>the</strong> burden <strong>of</strong> providing independent satellite navigationservices for users worldwide. In addition, GALILEO aims to contribute significantly by reducing<strong>the</strong> shortcomings described above and by providing additional navigation signals broadcast invarious frequency bands.127. Innovative thinking concerning service guarantees, technological solutions, protectionmethods, services, <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> private sector and international co-operation constitute elements<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European satellite navigation policy. GALILEO will take us a fur<strong>the</strong>r step towards a GlobalNavigation Satellite System where <strong>the</strong> user can count on a truly continuous and reliable serviceanywhere in <strong>the</strong> world backed up by several signals from interoperable constellations.128. This strategy is laid down in <strong>the</strong> communications <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EC on GALILEO in 1999, 2000and 2002. The Ministries <strong>of</strong> Transport <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Union meeting in <strong>the</strong> Council adopted in2001 a resolution, highlighting <strong>the</strong> objective <strong>of</strong> European autonomy for such a strategic andcrucial technology for <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> societies and economies in general. The Research Ministers<strong>of</strong> ESA <strong>the</strong>n agreed on an integrated vision for <strong>the</strong> provision <strong>of</strong> European GNSS Services by <strong>the</strong>combined use <strong>of</strong> EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) and GALILEOservices.129. A crucial step was taken on 26 March 2002 when <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Uniondecided on <strong>the</strong> development phase <strong>of</strong> GALILEO and confirmed <strong>the</strong>ir financial support to it,approving thus <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> a GALILEO Joint Undertaking to manage <strong>the</strong> developmentactivities. The Council <strong>of</strong> ESA agreed on half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contribution by <strong>the</strong> EC and ESA on 26 May2003. This means that GALILEO continues to be financed 50% by <strong>the</strong> EC and 50% by <strong>the</strong>European Space Agency during <strong>the</strong> development phase.From policy to projects: GALILEO and EGNOS130. The instruments to achieve <strong>the</strong> European objectives <strong>of</strong> increased availability, reliability,autonomy and user friendliness in satellite navigation are tw<strong>of</strong>old and comprise <strong>the</strong> regionalEGNOS system and <strong>the</strong> global GALILEO system.131. Europe has developed since 1995 <strong>the</strong> EGNOS system in order to improve <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong>services provided and inform users about <strong>the</strong> integrity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GPS and GLONASS constellations.EGNOS is <strong>the</strong> forerunner <strong>of</strong> GALILEO and <strong>the</strong> first European contribution to global satellitenavigation. Since 2000, EGNOS has provided a test signal in an area covering all European Statesand some demonstrations activities have been performed to provide an EGNOS test signal outsideEurope such as in <strong>the</strong> Middle East and in Africa. The system will be fully operational by 2004.132. Besides its own operational objective as <strong>the</strong> European Satellite Based AugmentationSystem along <strong>the</strong> United States WAAS and <strong>the</strong> Japanese MSAS, EGNOS has demonstrated <strong>the</strong>potential <strong>of</strong> civil GNSS and Europe’s determination for interoperability with <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r satellitenavigation systems. EGNOS and GALILEO will be integrated into each o<strong>the</strong>r by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> thisdecade.27
Page 1 and 2: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
Page 3 and 4: This document has not been formally
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
Page 7 and 8: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
Page 9 and 10: Product4. The product of</s
Page 11 and 12: II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
Page 13 and 14: virtually every facet of</s
Page 15 and 16: 27. Time and frequency disseminatio
Page 17 and 18: Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27 and 28: the Board, mainly
Page 29 and 30: • Vertical :• Velocity:• User
Page 31: • The network of
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84:
• University of
Page 85 and 86:
V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88:
Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90:
include Special Implementation Proj
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VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
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465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96:
• Theory and practice of<
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D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100:
VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102:
Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104:
appropriate national security reaso
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VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108:
for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109 and 110:
• Develop the sk
Page 111 and 112:
Recommendation 2. The development <
Page 113 and 114:
583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116:
589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
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Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120:
University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122:
Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 125 and 126:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIXList of we
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report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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