report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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• Four TT&C stations distributed along longitude at <strong>the</strong> Russian territory (St. Petersbourg,Moscow region, Enisseysk in Siberia, Komsomolsk in Far East);• Central system clock based on assemble <strong>of</strong> precise frequency standards; and• Signal monitoring system based on direct comparison <strong>of</strong> two-way and one-way signals.90. This architecture design ensures separate calculation <strong>of</strong> satellite orbits (ephemeris) basedon two-way tracking data by TT&C stations, and clock correction determination by <strong>the</strong> directcomparison <strong>of</strong> central clock and satellite clock time scales. This procedure has been designed tosimplify <strong>the</strong> orbit determination and time correction procedure. However, it has not ensured <strong>the</strong>progressing requirements <strong>of</strong> users. In <strong>the</strong> modernisation plan <strong>of</strong> ground segment, <strong>the</strong> technologybased on simultaneous determination <strong>of</strong> orbits and clock correction using <strong>the</strong> one-way data <strong>of</strong>spread monitoring network is foreseen.91. The user segment includes:• User receivers for different kinds <strong>of</strong> applications;• Local and regional differential subsystems;• Many managing and control systems based on combination <strong>of</strong> navigation,communication and mapping functions.92. Each GLONASS satellite transmits navigation signals in two sub-bands <strong>of</strong> L-band (L1 ∼1.6 GHz and L2 ∼ 1.2 GHz).93. GLONASS uses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique in both L1 andL2 sub-bands. This means that each satellite transmits navigation signal on its own carrierfrequency in <strong>the</strong> L1 and L2 sub-bands. Two GLONASS satellites may transmit navigation signalson <strong>the</strong> same carrier frequency if <strong>the</strong>y are located in antipodal slots <strong>of</strong> a single orbital plane.94. The nominal values <strong>of</strong> L1 and L2 carrier frequencies are defined by <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong>satellite frequency slot from -7 to 13 shifted aside <strong>the</strong> central frequency (in L1 = 1602 MHz, inL2 = 1246 MHz) by 562.5 kHz for L1 and by 437.5 kHz for L2. In total in L1 band, GLONASSoccupies <strong>the</strong> frequency band from 1597.5 MHz to 1614 MHz and in L2 from 1241.5 to 1256.5MHz.95. GLONASS satellites such as GPS provide two types <strong>of</strong> navigation signals in <strong>the</strong> L1 andL2 sub-bands: standard accuracy signal and high accuracy signal.96. The standard accuracy signal with clock rate 0.511 MHz is designed for use by civil usersworldwide.97. The high accuracy code with clock 5.11 MHz is modulated by a special code, and itsunauthorized use (without permission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Defense) is not recommended.98. The standard accuracy signal is available for any users equipped with proper receiversand having visible GLONASS satellites above <strong>the</strong> horizon.99. An intentional degradation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> standard accuracy signal is not applied. The presentstandard accuracy signal provides <strong>the</strong> following accuracy performance (95%) for <strong>the</strong> user:• Horizontal:28 m22
• Vertical :• Velocity:• User time scale wrt UTC (SU) time:60 m15 cm/s1 micro second100. The GLONASS constellation <strong>of</strong> satellites fully deployed 25 satellites in 1995 which werefur<strong>the</strong>r degraded due to economical reasons in <strong>the</strong> Russian Federation in <strong>the</strong> nineties. Currently,<strong>the</strong> GLONASS service is available for users with limitations. According to <strong>the</strong> Federal Program,<strong>the</strong> GLONASS satellite constellation will be restored consistently having 18 satellites in space by2006 (minimal required constellation) and 24 satellites by 2010 at <strong>the</strong> latest.101. Based on <strong>the</strong> present and future user requirements, <strong>the</strong> GLONASS system will bemodernised according to <strong>the</strong> Modernisation Plan.GLONASS modernisation and services102. The trend <strong>of</strong> realisation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> long term Federal Mission Oriented Program “GlobalNavigation System”, adopted by <strong>the</strong> Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Russian Federation in August 2001,opened up <strong>the</strong> encouraging long-range outlook <strong>of</strong> GLONASS maintenance and development.New services such as Search and Rescue, Integrity and Real-Time Precise Positioning assumed tobe implemented. The modernisation program is aimed to bring <strong>the</strong> following benefits:• For civil users:− More robust navigation against interference, compensation forionospheric delays due to new signals.− Higher accuracy, availability, integrity and reliability.• For military users:− Enhanced ability to deny hostile GLONASS use.− More robust navigation against interference.− Enhanced time <strong>of</strong> autonomy operation.− Higher accuracy, availability, integrity and reliability.− Supplementary tasks.• For customers:− Less expenses for constellation maintenance due to enhanced satellitelifetime and group launch up to 6 satellites.− Less expenses for ground operation due to operation automation.• For international co-operation:− Compatibility and interoperability <strong>of</strong> GLONASS, GPS and GALILEO.103. The development <strong>of</strong> GLONASS assumes <strong>the</strong> following phases: <strong>the</strong> first concernssustaining <strong>the</strong> current system by launch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present design GLONASS satellites. The standardservice is provided to civil users with limited constellation. The gap in GLONASS service willreduce as <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> GLONASS satellites in <strong>the</strong> constellation increases.104. The next phase <strong>of</strong> modernisation is based on deployment from 2003 to 2006 <strong>of</strong>GLONASS-M satellites with extended lifetime to 7 years. The first civil signal at L1 will bemoved to <strong>the</strong> international conventional frequency band (1593 – 1610.5 MHz). The second civilsignal will be implemented at L2 frequency band to be also moved as a sequence <strong>of</strong> L1 shift(1238 – 1253.5 MHz). The upper limit <strong>of</strong> positioning accuracy with help <strong>of</strong> two civil signals shall23
Page 1 and 2: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
Page 3 and 4: This document has not been formally
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
Page 7 and 8: REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
Page 9 and 10: Product4. The product of</s
Page 11 and 12: II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
Page 13 and 14: virtually every facet of</s
Page 15 and 16: 27. Time and frequency disseminatio
Page 17 and 18: Service Availability Standard39. Th
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
Page 21 and 22: 50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
Page 23 and 24: Service Availability Standard62. Th
Page 25 and 26: 71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
Page 27: the Board, mainly
Page 31 and 32: • The network of
Page 33 and 34: 126. The EU and ESA have concluded
Page 35 and 36: • The Search and Rescue Service (
Page 37 and 38: invitation to tender to this effect
Page 39 and 40: 2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
Page 41 and 42: 183. Three phases have been identif
Page 43 and 44: an air navigation service dedicated
Page 45 and 46: • Aviation: a representative desi
Page 47 and 48: 222. The information is openly avai
Page 49 and 50: 234. The United Nations Office for
Page 51 and 52: • Provide consultancy and advice
Page 53 and 54: 255. Methods to compare distant clo
Page 55 and 56: measurements are used to evaluate <
Page 57 and 58: market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80:
monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82:
Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
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• University of
Page 85 and 86:
V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
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Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
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include Special Implementation Proj
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VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
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465. Many other GN
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• Theory and practice of<
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D. GNSS training opportunities <str
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VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
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Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
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appropriate national security reaso
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VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
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for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
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• Develop the sk
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Recommendation 2. The development <
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583. The need to develop th
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589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
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Annex I: Indian universities, resea
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University/researchinstitute/compan
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Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 125 and 126:
Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIXList of we
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report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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