report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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564. Encourage research activities related to <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> ionospheric models includingmeasurements related to GNSS and <strong>the</strong> exchange <strong>of</strong> such information.565. The ionosphere behaviour near <strong>the</strong> geomagnetic equator interferes on GNSS (GPS) signaland prevents some specific requirements (parameters) <strong>of</strong> aeronautical activities in terms <strong>of</strong>integrity, continuity, availability and accuracy.Recommendation 2.The feasibility <strong>of</strong> implementing a “One African Sky” concept in <strong>the</strong>upper en-route similar to <strong>the</strong> “Single European Sky” initiative currentlyunder way in Europe should be considered.566. Consider <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> a “One African Sky” concept in <strong>the</strong> upper en routesimilar to <strong>the</strong> “Single European Sky” initiative currently underway in Europe.567. Successful implementation <strong>of</strong> GNSS in o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world shows that utilisation <strong>of</strong>this technology and receipt <strong>of</strong> associated benefits will require regionally co-ordinated efforts andcommitted participation <strong>of</strong> States in order to fully exploit <strong>the</strong> technology. In addition to safetyenhancements, it must also allow for <strong>the</strong> expansion <strong>of</strong> air travel and resulting expansion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>African economies.Recommendation 3.The Office for Outer Space Affairs and ICAO should continue toencourage adoption <strong>of</strong> GNSS in support <strong>of</strong> civil aviation operations.Surveying, mapping and Earth scienceRecommendation 1.A continental reference for Africa, or African reference frame, consistentwith <strong>the</strong> International Terrestrial Reference Frame, should be established.568. Establish a continental reference for Africa (AFREF), consistent with <strong>the</strong> InternationalTerrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).569. A uniform co-ordinate reference system is fundamental to any project, application,service or product that requires some form <strong>of</strong> georeferencing. Many developing countries, andparticularly <strong>the</strong> African countries, would greatly benefit from a modern GNSS-based referencesystem that could be used for national surveying, mapping, photogrammetry, remote sensing,Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), developmentprograms, and hazard mitigation (studies and monitoring <strong>of</strong> earthquake, fault motion, volcano andsevere storms). Many existing national co-ordinate systems are based on reference figures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Earth, which are generally outdated and are restricted to a particular country, making cross-borderor regional mapping, development, and project planning very difficult. A continental referencesystem for Africa should be organized through an international project with common goals andobjectives throughout Africa, and with <strong>the</strong> commitment <strong>of</strong> African countries and <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong>international partners. The benefits <strong>of</strong> GNSS technology cut across applications and acrosscountries. It is fur<strong>the</strong>r emphasized that <strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> simultaneous development <strong>of</strong>Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and related infrastructure is necessary forsustainable use <strong>of</strong> GNSS. Policy and decision-makers should be made aware <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> criticalimportance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ICT in <strong>the</strong> development and successful utilization <strong>of</strong> GNSS.104
Recommendation 2. The development <strong>of</strong> integrated DGNSS “full-scale accuracy”infrastructure with well-defined unified standards at regional levels, i.e.<strong>the</strong> European Position Determination System (EUPOS) in Europe shouldbe expanded.570. Expand <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> integrated Differential GNSS “full scale accuracy”infrastructure with well-defined unified standards on regional levels (i.e. in Europe: EUPOS).571. A subject <strong>of</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r discussions within <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> United Nations/United States <strong>of</strong>America regional workshops on GNSS could be <strong>the</strong> problems on <strong>the</strong> multi-functional DGNSSapplications in Central and Eastern Europe. For example, EUPOS and its development for all <strong>of</strong>Europe and eventually as an element <strong>of</strong> GALILEO and EGNOS. Similar DGNSS systems couldbe developed for o<strong>the</strong>r regions in <strong>the</strong> world.Recommendation 3.The density <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS)should be increased for <strong>the</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Geocentric Reference System for<strong>the</strong> Americas (SIRGAS) <strong>of</strong> Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean in order topromote <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> GNSS and CORS (covering all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Americas).572. Increase <strong>the</strong> density <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS) for <strong>the</strong>SIRGAS area <strong>of</strong> Latin America and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean in order to promote <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> GNSS. CORS(covering all <strong>the</strong> Americas) must complement <strong>the</strong> SIRGAS frame. In spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>SIRGAS structure, <strong>the</strong>se activities are facing deep financial difficulties that are obstructing <strong>the</strong>development <strong>of</strong> GNSS applications.O<strong>the</strong>r Recommendations573. O<strong>the</strong>r recommendations in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> surveying, mapping and Earth sciences include: (a)<strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) based on a consistent geodetic referenceframe enabled by GNSS and o<strong>the</strong>r space techniques; (b) <strong>the</strong> monitoring <strong>of</strong> GNSS frequencies forinterference at local and national levels; and (c) <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> accurate geoid models.Management <strong>of</strong> natural resources, environment and disasters574. Precision agriculture has attracted many new users to GNSS application in management<strong>of</strong> natural resources and protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environment. The growth <strong>of</strong> GNSS users inthose areas is expected to increase, as seen from <strong>the</strong> four United Nations/United States <strong>of</strong>America regional workshops on GNSS. O<strong>the</strong>r sources <strong>of</strong> funding should be explored toimplement <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> a global information exchange network related to precisionagriculture and GNSS applications in <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environment and natural disasters.Many suggestions and recommendations were made in those areas at all four regional workshops.The significance <strong>of</strong> GNSS in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> disaster preparedness and management was particularlyhighlighted.575. Management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> environment and natural disasters is <strong>of</strong> major concern in Africa ando<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. However, <strong>the</strong> plight <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> African region is such that <strong>the</strong> following twoinitiatives recommended below have been selected for priority attention on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>international community:105
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAM ONGLOBAL
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This document has not been formally
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CONTENTSIntroduction ..............
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REPORT OF THE ACTION TEAMON GLOBAL
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Product4. The product of</s
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II.OVERVIEW OF PLANNED AND EXISTING
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virtually every facet of</s
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27. Time and frequency disseminatio
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Service Availability Standard39. Th
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Table 1-4. Service Reliability Stan
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50. The GPS Control Segment (CS) is
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Service Availability Standard62. Th
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71. The GPS Navigation Message cons
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the Board, mainly
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• Vertical :• Velocity:• User
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• The network of
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126. The EU and ESA have concluded
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• The Search and Rescue Service (
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invitation to tender to this effect
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2. EGNOS169. As previously mentione
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183. Three phases have been identif
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an air navigation service dedicated
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• Aviation: a representative desi
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222. The information is openly avai
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234. The United Nations Office for
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• Provide consultancy and advice
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255. Methods to compare distant clo
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measurements are used to evaluate <
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market can begin to develop. That a
Page 59 and 60: Nations and voluntary contributions
Page 61 and 62: IV.GNSS APPLICATIONSA. General appl
Page 63 and 64: 317. Agricultural applications incl
Page 65 and 66: 326. The regional activity in <stro
Page 67 and 68: GNSS SBAS-WAAS trials in th
Page 69 and 70: 356. Other activit
Page 71 and 72: with respect to the</strong
Page 73 and 74: 379. Argentina has at present a “
Page 75 and 76: Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (R
Page 77 and 78: all mapping-related works in <stron
Page 79 and 80: monitoring, national reference <str
Page 81 and 82: Programs: B.Sc/M.Sc/Ph.D. in geomat
Page 83 and 84: • University of
Page 85 and 86: V. NEEDS AND CONCERNS OF DEVELOPING
Page 87 and 88: Surveying, Mapping, Land Use• Pre
Page 89 and 90: include Special Implementation Proj
Page 91 and 92: VI.EXISTING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
Page 93 and 94: 465. Many other GN
Page 95 and 96: • Theory and practice of<
Page 97 and 98: D. GNSS training opportunities <str
Page 99 and 100: VII.INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR INTERN
Page 101 and 102: Environment Programme (UNEP), and <
Page 103 and 104: appropriate national security reaso
Page 105 and 106: VIII.RECOMMENDATIONS541. A number <
Page 107 and 108: for Outer Space Affairs, developmen
Page 109: • Develop the sk
Page 113 and 114: 583. The need to develop th
Page 115 and 116: 589. Project 2:Pilot Projects (4 pr
Page 117 and 118: Annex I: Indian universities, resea
Page 119 and 120: University/researchinstitute/compan
Page 121 and 122: Annex III: Italian universities and
Page 123 and 124: Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 125 and 126: Annex IV: Italian non-governmental
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIXList of we
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report of the action team on global navigation satellite systems (gnss)

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