Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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ATTITUDES RELATING TO HIV/AIDS 66.1 ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE LIVING WITH AIDSWidespread stigma and discrimination in a population can adversely affect both people’swillingness to be tested for HIV and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Reduction of stigma anddiscrimination in a population is thus an important indicator of the success of programmes targetingHIV and AIDS prevention and control.As stated in the National Policy on HIV/AIDS, stigma is one of the key challenges in theprevention and control of the epidemic. People living with HIV/AIDS face discrimination and aresometimes neglected because of hostile attitudes. More importantly, stigma leads to secrecy anddenial, which hinder people from seeking counselling and testing for HIV, crucial first steps infighting the epidemic (Prime Minister’s Office, 2001).To assess the level of stigma, THMIS respondents who had heard of AIDS were asked severalquestions related to their attitudes towards people infected by HIV/AIDS. They were asked if theywould be willing to care for a sick relative with AIDS in their own household, if they would bewilling to buy fresh vegetables from a market vendor who has AIDS, if they thought a female teacherwho has HIV but is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching, and if they would want to keep afamily member’s HIV status secret.Results in Tables 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 show that 90 percent of women and men are willing to carefor a family member with the AIDS virus in homes and 75 percent of respondents believe that afemale teacher with the AIDS virus who is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching. However,only 57 percent of women and 65 percent of men express a willingness to buy fresh vegetables from ashopkeeper who has the AIDS virus and less than half of women and 59 percent of men say that if afamily member got infected with the AIDS virus, they would not feel it necessary to keep it a secret.A composite indicator combining all four of these attitudes is shown in the second-to-lastcolumn of Tables 6.1.1 and 6.1.2. The data show that stigma and discrimination are still widespreadamong Tanzanian adults because only about one in four women and one in three men interviewedexpressed positive attitudes on all four indicators. This level is almost the same as that observed in the2003-04 THIS, and slightly higher than the level observed in the 2004 TDHS, though there are slightdifferences in wording between the surveys. In all three surveys, women are less positive than men inacceptance of all four attitude indicators.Adults in urban areas are more likely than rural adults to have positive attitudes towardspeople with HIV/AIDS. For example, the proportion of women who express accepting attitudes on allfour indicators was 37 percent in urban areas and 23 percent in rural areas; among men, thecomparable figures are 50 percent in urban areas and 30 percent in rural areas. Zonal variationsindicate that women in Zanzibar exhibit the highest level of acceptance on all four attitudinalmeasures (34 percent), compared with other zones in Mainland Tanzania, while men in Eastern Zoneare found to have the highest acceptance (46 percent). The lowest acceptance is found among womenand men in Central and Western zones.Differentials across regions are marked. Regions with low levels of acceptance on all fourindicators include Dodoma, Mtwara, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, and Tanga for women, and Tabora,Tanga, Shinyanga, and Singida for men. Only about one in five adults in these regions have acceptingattitudes on all four indicators. On the positive side, women and men in Arusha (42 and 48 percent,respectively) and men in Dar es Salaam (56 percent) are more likely than those in other regions toexpress accepting attitudes on all four indicators.Attitudes Relating to HIV/AIDS | 65
Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS: WomenAmong women age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes towards people with AIDS, bybackground characteristics, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08BackgroundcharacteristicAre willing tocare for a familymember with theAIDS virus in therespondent'shomePercentage of women who:Would buy freshvegetables fromshopkeeper whohas the AIDSvirusSay that a femaleteacher with theAIDS virus and isnot sick shouldbe allowed tocontinueteachingWould not wantto keep secretthat a familymember gotinfected with theAIDS virusPercentageexpressingacceptingattitudes on allfour indicatorsNumber ofwomen whohave heardof AIDSAge15-24 89.9 54.0 74.8 49.5 25.7 3,64815-19 87.1 51.6 71.6 47.7 23.5 1,92920-24 93.0 56.6 78.4 51.5 28.2 1,71925-29 96.0 60.6 80.1 48.6 27.2 1,57730-39 93.2 58.5 74.9 49.8 27.6 2,48840-49 95.0 54.8 70.4 49.4 24.6 1,478Marital statusNever married 89.8 57.9 78.1 51.0 30.1 2,167Ever had sex 93.6 62.8 82.3 51.1 33.7 972Never had sex 86.7 54.0 74.7 50.9 27.2 1,194Married/living together 93.6 55.5 73.6 49.3 24.9 5,885Divorced/separated/widowed 93.5 58.9 76.5 47.2 26.0 1,139ResidenceUrban 97.4 73.3 89.8 51.8 36.5 2,450Rural 90.9 50.4 69.6 48.6 22.6 6,741Mainland/ZanzibarMainland 92.7 56.2 74.7 49.1 26.0 8,885Mainland – Urban 97.5 73.4 89.7 51.6 36.3 2,344Dar es Salaam City 98.8 76.9 95.2 44.1 33.0 762Other Urban 96.9 71.7 87.0 55.2 38.0 1,583Mainland – Rural 91.0 50.1 69.3 48.3 22.3 6,540Zanzibar 90.5 63.3 85.1 57.7 34.4 306Region/IslandArusha 89.8 67.5 72.2 69.6 41.8 362Dar es Salaam 98.7 76.9 95.1 43.6 32.4 797Dodoma 95.2 59.0 85.1 31.5 17.1 335Iringa 93.3 49.3 75.8 49.2 20.3 400Kagera 96.0 55.5 74.5 46.5 25.4 485Kigoma 92.1 53.5 68.6 50.8 25.3 414Kilimanjaro 97.3 66.3 85.7 52.4 36.0 379Lindi 99.4 61.0 85.5 41.4 34.0 246Manyara 87.9 68.2 66.3 63.0 37.6 259Mara 92.7 60.2 73.4 59.1 30.1 360Mbeya 89.6 54.4 69.7 58.8 27.2 576Morogoro 94.6 61.0 76.0 44.1 25.6 432Mtwara 99.4 53.5 80.4 30.4 17.1 324Mwanza 90.0 56.3 71.1 48.5 27.6 821Pwani 95.8 58.7 81.4 50.1 29.5 203Rukwa 88.7 50.8 69.3 59.6 27.0 287Ruvuma 94.6 61.6 79.2 52.1 28.3 367Shinyanga 87.4 37.0 57.9 48.0 17.5 706Singida 93.4 55.0 75.1 36.1 15.0 193Tabora 87.1 36.9 53.9 56.4 17.0 516Tanga 91.4 47.2 82.8 38.6 18.6 423Pemba 87.9 48.6 78.5 55.8 24.3 94Unguja 91.6 69.8 88.1 58.6 38.8 212ZoneWestern 88.5 41.1 59.4 51.4 19.3 1,636Northern 91.9 61.3 77.9 54.6 32.6 1,422Central 94.5 57.5 81.4 33.2 16.3 528Southern Highlands 90.5 52.0 71.5 56.0 25.0 1,263Lake 92.3 56.9 72.6 50.2 27.5 1,666Eastern 97.1 69.5 87.4 44.6 29.9 1,432Southern 97.5 58.6 81.3 41.8 25.9 937Zanzibar 90.5 63.3 85.1 57.7 34.4 306EducationNo education 86.6 37.0 54.9 44.2 14.4 1,897Primary incomplete 88.2 44.1 67.2 48.1 18.2 1,486Primary complete 95.5 63.1 81.7 50.2 29.7 4,909Secondary + 97.2 82.0 93.9 58.5 46.1 898Wealth quintileLowest 85.8 39.3 56.9 44.0 14.8 1,637Second 91.2 45.6 67.0 49.4 20.5 1,602Middle 92.3 50.2 71.1 48.0 21.7 1,723Fourth 94.2 61.1 80.4 52.1 30.2 1,853Highest 97.5 76.6 91.5 52.2 38.4 2,376Total 15-49 92.7 56.5 75.0 49.4 26.3 9,19166 | Attitudes Relating to HIV/AIDS
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
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xxii | Map of Tanzania
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1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
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To assess levels and trends in know
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1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
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Table 1.1 Results of the household
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Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
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Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
Page 123 and 124: Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
Page 125 and 126: Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
Page 129 and 130: 8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
Page 132 and 133: HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
Page 136 and 137: Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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